| Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch USDA BEPO |
Micmac Drug, Dermatological Aid Inner bark used for infected cuts. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
| Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch USDA BEPO |
Micmac Drug, Emetic Inner bark used as an emetic. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
| Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens Downy Birch USDA BEPU5 |
Chippewa Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used in boat building. The bark was stripped off at raspberry ripening time, laid away and pressed flat until the next spring. When required for manufacture, especially in boat building, it was heated over a fire to make it pliable for shaping to the purpose. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128 |
| Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens Downy Birch USDA BEPU5 |
Cree, Hudson Bay Drug, Dermatological Aid Boiled, powdered wood applied to chafed skin. Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303 |
| Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens Downy Birch USDA BEPU5 |
Potawatomi Drug, Adjuvant Infusion of twigs used as a seasoner for medicines. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 43, 44 |
| Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel Glandulose Birch USDA BEPUG |
Ojibwa Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of cones taken during menses and for strength after childbirth. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel Glandulose Birch USDA BEPUG |
Ojibwa Drug, Respiratory Aid Smoke of cones inhaled for catarrh. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel Glandulose Birch USDA BEPUG |
Ojibwa Fiber, Basketry Twigs of this dwarf birch used for the ribs of baskets. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Creek Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Bark used in medicine taken for pulmonary tuberculosis. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 659 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Creek Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for pulmonary tuberculosis. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Snow Gear Wood used to make snowshoes. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Containers Wood used to make containers. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Bark used for tinder. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bark used to make muskrat callers. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Drug, Unspecified Wood heated and used like a hot-water bottle. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Used to make brooms. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Fiber, Snow Gear Used to make sled and toboggan runners. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Food, Beverage Bark used to make tea. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Micmac Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bark used to make trumpets for calling game. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Micmac Other, Lighting Bark used to make torches for night fishing. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound infusion taken for flux. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound infusion of astringent inner bark taken for flux. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound infusion taken for 'navel yellowness.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Compound infusion taken for cloudy urine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for difficult urination with discharge. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Chippewa Fiber, Building Material Tree used for the main supporting posts for the ridgepole of the wigwam or tent. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Delaware, Ontario Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound infusion of root or bark taken for 'diseases peculiar to women.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Delaware, Ontario Drug, Tonic Compound infusion of root or bark taken for 'general debility.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Iroquois Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction used as a wash or infusion of vine given to babies with diarrhea. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 299 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Complex compound decoction used as wash for affected parts of 'Italian itch.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 299 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound decoction taken to facilitate childbirth and for parturition. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 299 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Iroquois Drug, Other Compound used for 'big injuries.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 299 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Iroquois Drug, Pediatric Aid Decoction used as a wash or infusion of vine given to babies with diarrhea. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 299 |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam USDA CACAC2 |
Iroquois Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoction of bark chips taken for consumption. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 299 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of scraped bark taken for hives. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Cherokee Drug, Emetic Compound of inner bark taken 'to vomit bile.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Cherokee Drug, Emetic Decoction of inner bark taken to induce vomiting when unable to retain food. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Cherokee Food, Unspecified Nuts used for food. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Compound containing charcoal pricked into temples with needles for headache. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 338 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Dye, Black Boiled with butternut to make a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Dye, Black Burs boiled with inner bark of bur oak, added to black earth and butternut and used as a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Food, Unspecified Nuts used for food in season. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Food, Winter Use Food Nuts stored for winter use. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Other, Musical Instrument Used for drumming sticks. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Dakota Food, Soup Nuts used as a body for soup. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Dakota Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten raw with honey. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Iroquois Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound decoction taken for 'summer disease-vomiting, diarrhea and cramps.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 297 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Iroquois Drug, Antiemetic Compound decoction taken for 'summer disease-vomiting, diarrhea and cramps.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 297 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Iroquois Drug, Antihemorrhagic Raw nuts taken for hay fever, childbirth hemorrhage and prenatal strength. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 297 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Iroquois Drug, Blood Medicine Compound infusion taken as a blood purifier and for prenatal strength. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 298 |