| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to carve dishes and spoons. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls and large tubs for tribal feasts. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Fuel Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Musical Instrument Wood used to carve rattles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Lummi Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make baby cradles. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Containers Cones used to store elderberries in the creeks. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to cook halibut heads and salmonberry sprouts. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls and dishes. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Preservative Wood used for smoking and drying fish. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Smoke Plant Leaves formerly smoked. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for bruises. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for undiagnosed internal injuries. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for broken bones and ribs. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for lung ailments. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Unspecified Bark used for medicine. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark used as a brown dye for baskets. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Red Formerly used to make red basket dyes. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Red Infusion of crushed bark used to make different shades of red dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe bailers. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used for making masks, ceremonial rattles and model canoes. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Leaves and branches placed over and beneath food in steaming pits and kettles. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Fuel Wood used as a fuel for drying and smoking fish and meats. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Preservative Wood used for smoking and drying fish. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Water Indicator 'If you see a creek without alder along its banks, the water isn't good to drink.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make tool handles, canoe bailers, masks and rattles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to make masks and rattles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Other, Fuel Wood used as fuel for smoking fish. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Other, Musical Instrument Wood used to make rattles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Other, Tools Wood used to make tool handles and canoe bailers. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used as wash for skin diseases: sores, diaper rash, peeling or itching skin. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 19 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quileute Drug, Antidiarrheal Raw cones eaten for dysentery. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quileute Drug, Unspecified Infusion of bark used for medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quileute Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quileute Fiber, Canoe Material Green wood seasoned and used to make canoe paddles. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quinault Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quinault Other, Containers Bark used to line pots for storing elderberries. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Saanich Drug, Tonic Sap used as a tonic. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Salish, Coast Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled to make a reddish brown dye and used to color fish nets, baskets, canoes and head rings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Salish, Coast Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh with oil in spring. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Salish, Coast Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make dishes and spoons. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Salish, Coast Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make arrow points. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Skagit, Upper Food, Unspecified Sap used for food. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Skagit, Upper Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make canned food dishes, spoons and platters. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Skagit, Upper Other, Fuel Wood used as fuel for smoking salmon. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Snohomish Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Swinomish Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of bark taken for colds. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |