| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make points for oolichan and squirrel spears. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Analgesic Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for pain. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Analgesic Poultice of cooked shoots applied for pain. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for sore, arthritic areas. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of cooked shoots applied to sore, arthritic areas. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Dermatological Aid Root slivers inserted into boil eruptions. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Berries mixed with blueberries, Pacific crabapples and oolichan grease and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of roots or bark used for colds. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or bark used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots or bark used by women during confinement. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Fruit Berries pit baked and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Sauce & Relish Fruits used to make a sauce. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Winter Use Food Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Klallam Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Klallam Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Mahuna Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Blossoms used for measles. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 10 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Mahuna Food, Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded leaves applied to an abscess or boil. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Cathartic Infusion of bark and roots taken by boys and girls as a purgative to cleanse the system. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Psychological Aid Bark used with black twinberry bark for nervous breakdowns. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Food, Fruit Berries formerly used for food. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Food, Preserves Berries pounded, dried, soaked in water until jam like, mixed with sugar and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Other, Sacred Items Pithy branches hollowed out and used to make ceremonial and sacred wolf whistles. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Other, Toys & Games Used to make children's whistles and 'pea shooters.' Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Oweekeno Food, Dried Food Berries dried for storage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 90 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Oweekeno Food, Preserves Berries used to make jam. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 90 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Dried Food Berries dried for future use. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Soup Berries dried and boiled into a soup. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of roots or bark used for colds. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or bark used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots or bark used by women during confinement. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Fruit Berries pit baked and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Sauce & Relish Fruits used to make a sauce. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Winter Use Food Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quinault Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of bark applied to breast after childbirth to start milk flow. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quinault Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Skagit Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Skagit, Upper Food, Dried Food Berries steamed, pulped and dried for winter use. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Skagit, Upper Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 37 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Skokomish Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Snohomish Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Squaxin Drug, Blood Medicine Infusion of leaves used as a wash on area infected with blood poisoning. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Squaxin Drug, Disinfectant Infusion of leaves used as a wash on area infected with blood poisoning. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Squaxin Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Swinomish Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Yurok Food, Fruit Fresh berries used for food. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Yurok Other, Containers Leaves used to pack sturgeon eggs while cooking. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53 |