| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Fiber, Building Material Wood used for lumber. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs immersed in the water and used to collect herring eggs. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Other, Insecticide Compound of powdered bark and oil or pitch used on the hair to remove vermin. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Montana Indian Food, Bread & Cake Cambium made into a coarse bread. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Montana Indian Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for bruises. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for internal injuries. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for broken bones. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Black Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Food, Starvation Food Light, green branch tips eaten to relieve hunger when lost in the woods. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Food, Starvation Food Old leaves eaten sparingly to keep alive when hungry in the woods. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Food, Unspecified Young growth used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Fuel Slow burning wood used to bank up fires overnight. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used to catch herring spawn. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Hard, dense knots used to make molded halibut hooks. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood knots used to make halibut hooks. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Fiber, Building Material Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Food, Dried Food Inner bark dried for future use. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Food, Unspecified Inner bark used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs made into headdresses and worn by dancers in the Ghost dance. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Ceremonial Items Inner bark and grease made into realistic eyeballs and used in the corpse for the hamatsa ceremony. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used to roast fern roots. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Fresh boughs used to gather herring roe. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make octopus spears. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Protection Four rings of boughs and ritual bathing used to negate the effects of evil spirits. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Toys & Games Boughs used to make play houses. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed plants applied to swellings. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning hides. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Other, Waterproofing Agent Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Drug, Cold Remedy Poultice of pitch and ground bark applied to child's chest for a cold. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Drug, Laxative Infusion of plants taken as a laxative. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Drug, Pediatric Aid Poultice of pitch and ground bark applied to child's chest for a cold. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Fiber, Building Material Boughs used as shelters for hunters. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Fiber, Canoe Material Young trees used for poling canoes upstream. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Other, Fuel Wood used extensively for firewood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Young trees used as walkways on top of fish weirs. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Other, Paint Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Salish, Coast Food, Dried Food Cambium dried in sheets and used as a winter food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Salish, Coast Other, Hide Preparation Bark used to cure hides. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Shuswap Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 53 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plants used as wash for skin sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of plants used as wash for sore eyes. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of bark taken for sore throats. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Fiber, Canoe Material Young trees used for poling canoes upstream. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Young trees used in fish trap construction. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |