| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of roots used for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Cold Remedy Bud extract taken for coughs and colds. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Cough Medicine Bud extract or pitch and grease taken for coughs. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pitch applied to boils, swellings, cuts and abrasions. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Disinfectant Branches in house of sick person to prevent anything unclean from entering. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Kidney Aid Compound poultice of boiled root bark applied to woman's kidney swellings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Other Branch tips rubbed to cleanse person contaminated with menstrual blood. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Basketry Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Clothing Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make hats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Clothing Roots used to make hats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Cordage Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make ropes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make mats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Sewing Material Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used for 'sewing wood.' Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Candy Pitch used as chewing gum. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 293 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Fasteners Roots burned, dried, split and used as strings to tie nets, hooks and harpoons together. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make fish nets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Sacred Items Branch tips used as sacred items. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of plants used to 'take out bad blood.' Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound poultice of ashes applied to infant's navel. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Pitch used as a stomach medicine. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Pediatric Aid Compound poultice of ashes applied to infant's navel. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Strengthener Decoction of plants used as a strengthening bath. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Candy Pitch chewed as gum for pleasure. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Candy Pitch used as chewing gum. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Unspecified 'Little cones' and buds used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Unspecified Young shoots eaten raw. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Other, Fasteners Pitch used as glue to repair items such as harpoons. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Warmed pitch used to protect the harpoon point. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Fiber, Basketry Roots soaked, split in quarters and used to make sturdy pack baskets. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Fiber, Basketry Split roots used for basketry. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Fiber, Caulking Material Pitch used to fill cracks and knot holes in canoes. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used ceremonially to initiate the children. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used in winter dances and to make traditional costumes for initiation ceremonies. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Fasteners Roots used for binding gaff implement joints. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Pitch used as a protective coating for fishing spears and whaling harpoon heads. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make the longer prong in the two pronged salmon harpoon. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Paint Pitch used like shellac on harpoons. The pitch was ignited and caught with a mussel shell as it melted. The whale hunter's entire family would join in and chew the pitch until it was the right consistency. Then the hunter would put the pitch on his harpoon, smooth it over and then burn off the excess. Finally, he would shine it until it was smooth like shellac. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch used to waterproof boxes. These boxes were used only for cold materials, as hot water would melt the pitch. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of bark used as a soak for soreness. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Pitch mixed with badge moss and used for arthritic joints. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch boiled and used for dermatitis. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch mixed with pounded dogtooth lichens and used for wounds. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of bark used for gastrointestinal difficulties. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Unspecified Pitch eaten as medicine. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Fiber, Basketry Roots used for structural elements in basketry. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Food, Candy Pitch boiled and used for chewing. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Poliklah Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. The body material of baskets was spruce roots, which were dug out and cut off in lengths of two and a half to three feet and from one half inch to one inch in diameter. These were at once (while full of sap and soft) split into broad flat bands, and these in turn were subdivided by knife and teeth until the desired size was obtained--a little larger than coarse thread, about like small twine. The vertical rods were hazel. The overlay was bear grass. The design was commonly of black maidenhair fern stem or salmon red strands made by dying the stem bundles of Woodwardia fern with chewed alder bark. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Fiber, Basketry Roots used for basketry. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Fiber, Building Material Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |