| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Bella Coola Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a purgative. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Bella Coola Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye for cedar bark. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Bella Coola Other, Fuel Wood used as fuel for smoking fish. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Carrier, Northern Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of ground inner bark injected for biliousness. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Carrier, Southern Drug, Dermatological Aid Sap applied to cuts and decoction of bark taken as a purgative. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Drug, Dermatological Aid Staminate aments chewed and used for sores. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Pistillate aments chewed and used for the stomach. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Drug, Pulmonary Aid Pistillate aments chewed and used for the lungs. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Food, Sweetener Sap mixed with soapberry whip as a sweetener. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Other, Cooking Tools Wood used for dishes and utensils. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Cowlitz Drug, Analgesic Rotten wood rubbed on the body to ease 'aching bones.' Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Cowlitz Drug, Orthopedic Aid Rotten wood rubbed on the body to ease 'aching bones.' Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Gitksan Drug, Analgesic Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Gitksan Drug, Cathartic Bark used as a purgative. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Gitksan Drug, Cathartic Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Gitksan Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark and root taken in the morning for a cough. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Gitksan Drug, Emetic Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Gitksan Drug, Unspecified Infusion of stem bark, not from root, taken for many maladies. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark used to make a wound dressing and wash. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla Drug, Tonic Bark used as a tonic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla Other, Fuel Wood burned for boiling oolichan grease. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Preservative Wood used to smoke fish and meat. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Ceremonial Items Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make dishes to serve oolichan grease. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark used to make a medicine for internal ailments. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark used to make a medicine for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Dye, Red Boiled, steeped bark used as a red dye for cedar bark and other items. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Other, Cooking Tools Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Other, Fuel Wood considered a good fuel for smoking fish. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hoh Drug, Unspecified Infusion of bark used for medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Stems used in basketry. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Karok Other, Tools Water soaked stems used for lashing in the sweat house. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kitasoo Other, Fuel Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kitasoo Other, Preservative Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Klallam Drug, Antidiarrheal Catkins chewed for diarrhea. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Analgesic Poultice of bark applied to sores and aches. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Antihemorrhagic Bark held in women's mouth for blood spitting. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark applied or infusion of bark rubbed on sores, aches and eczema. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis and asthma. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of bark taken or bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Drug, Analgesic Poultice of bark, fresh sea wrack and black twinberry applied for aches and pains. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Black Bark used to make a black dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Brown Bark used to make a brown dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Orange Bark used to make an orange dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to carve masks. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |