| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried inner bark ground, added to pitch & grease & used as ointment for persistent scabs & rashes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried, finely powdered rotten wood used as baby powder to prevent rashes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Diaphoretic Decoction of wood taken to cause sweating. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of wood and inner bark used for 'women's troubles.' Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of wood taken to ensure an adequate supply of milk for breast feeding. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of wood taken for back pain. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Pediatric Aid Decoction of stems or branches taken for teething sickness. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Pediatric Aid Dried, finely powdered rotten wood used as baby powder to prevent rashes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Decoction of stems or branches taken for teething sickness. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Venereal Aid Wood mixed with other materials and used for gonorrhea. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Bark used to cover a tipi. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Bark used to make bath tubs. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Wood used as poles to frame a tipi. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe paddles. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Snow Gear Wood used to make toboggans and snowshoes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Preservative Soft, rotten wood burned to make a slow, smoky fire to smoke cure meat and fish. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Sauce & Relish Sap collected, made into syrup and eaten on bannock. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Substitution Food Root bark used as a tea substitute. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh from the tree trunk. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Containers Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Containers Bark used to make dishes to collect birch sap and fresh cambium. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Wood used for upright supports and cross bars of the smoke curing rack. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make wooden spoons, stoppers for sturgeon skin jars and hammers to pound fish eggs. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Fuel Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dried rotten wood with other rotten woods used to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bark used to make moose calls. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Containers Fine, shredded bark used as vessels to catch sap from trees in sugar making-time. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Cooking Tools Fine, shredded bark used as household utensils. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Lighting Fine, shredded bark bound into bundles and used for torches. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Toys & Games Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Flathead Other, Containers Bark used to line sacks and stiffen them into baskets. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Gitksan Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Gitksan Other, Containers Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Gitksan Other, Lighting Used to make torches. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Burned bark ashes used to 'shrivel the womb.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Drug, Unspecified Plant spirit used by the shaman to heal sick people. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe ribs. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Fiber, Snow Gear Wood used to make sleds and snowshoe frames. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Containers Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Bark used to start campfires or light the stove at home. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make fish traps. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Malecite Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used for canoes. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Malecite Other, Containers Bark used for boxes and other containers. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Menominee Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of inner bark used for dysentery. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Menominee Drug, Tonic Decoction of branch tips used as a tonic. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |