| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Abnaki Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Abnaki Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Abnaki Other, Containers Bark used to wrap and store wood for a year. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 152 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Pediatric Aid Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 152 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Sauce & Relish Sap used to make syrup. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 80 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets and containers. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Building Material Plant used to make houses, tents and shelters. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Other, Containers Bark used to make canoes, baskets and containers. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Other, Designs Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Anticosti Fiber, Snow Gear Used to make snowshoes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Bella Coola Fiber, Basketry Bark occasionally used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Bella Coola Fiber, Canoe Material Bark occasionally used to make canoes. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Blackfoot Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Basketry Inner bark used to make baskets. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoes. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used with spruce roots to sew things together. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Snow Gear Wood used to make toboggans. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Other, Cooking Tools Inner bark made into dishes and used for processing fish, picking berries and to eat with. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Drug, Cathartic Infusion of inner bark used as an enema. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Dye, Red Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Fiber, Building Material Used as coverings for dwellings. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Other, Cooking Tools Used for utensils. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Other, Designs Used as patterns for work in decorative art. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of outer bark used to bandage a burn. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of inner bark used as a wash for skin rashes and other skin sores. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried inner bark ground, added to pitch & grease & used as ointment for persistent scabs & rashes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried, finely powdered rotten wood used as baby powder to prevent rashes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Diaphoretic Decoction of wood taken to cause sweating. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of wood and inner bark used for 'women's troubles.' Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of wood taken to ensure an adequate supply of milk for breast feeding. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of wood taken for back pain. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Pediatric Aid Decoction of stems or branches taken for teething sickness. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Pediatric Aid Dried, finely powdered rotten wood used as baby powder to prevent rashes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Decoction of stems or branches taken for teething sickness. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Venereal Aid Wood mixed with other materials and used for gonorrhea. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Bark used to cover a tipi. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Bark used to make bath tubs. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Wood used as poles to frame a tipi. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe paddles. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Snow Gear Wood used to make toboggans and snowshoes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Preservative Soft, rotten wood burned to make a slow, smoky fire to smoke cure meat and fish. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Sauce & Relish Sap collected, made into syrup and eaten on bannock. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Substitution Food Root bark used as a tea substitute. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh from the tree trunk. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Containers Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Containers Bark used to make dishes to collect birch sap and fresh cambium. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |