| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sapwood, bark and roots taken as a stomach medicine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Fruit considered a good health food for general sickness. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Mashed fruit dried for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruit, without the seeds, eaten fresh or pureed. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Preserves Fruit made into jam or jelly. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Pomes eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used for fish hooks. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used for piercing ears. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Strong wood used for digging sticks and axe handles. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Food, Winter Use Food Fruit mixed with choke cherries and service berries pressed into cakes and dried for winter use. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Other, Tools Wood used for making 'camas sticks' for digging these and other roots. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed and formed into cakes, dried and eaten like cookies. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Oregon Indian Food, Fruit Fresh or dried fruit used for food. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 22 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Fruit Whole berries eaten fresh or mashed in a mortar. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Scarlet, pear-shaped pomes eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used as pins and fishhooks. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used to make fish hooks. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used as probes for ripe boils and ulcers. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Crataegus erythropoda Ashe Cerro Hawthorn USDA CRER |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Bread & Cake Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Crataegus erythropoda Ashe Cerro Hawthorn USDA CRER |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Crataegus erythropoda Ashe Cerro Hawthorn USDA CRER |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Winter Use Food Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Crataegus macrosperma Ashe Bigfruit Hawthorn USDA CRMA3 |
Cherokee Food, Fruit Fresh fruit used for food. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 56 |
| Crataegus mollis Scheele Arnold Hawthorn USDA CRMO2 |
Omaha Food, Beverage Twigs used to make a hot, aqueous, tea like beverage. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329 |
| Crataegus mollis Scheele Arnold Hawthorn USDA CRMO2 |
Omaha Food, Fruit Fruit eaten by children fresh from the hand. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus mollis Scheele Arnold Hawthorn USDA CRMO2 |
Omaha Food, Starvation Food Fruit eaten by adults in times of famine. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Bread & Cake Used to make bread. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 82 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Hawthorn USDA CRPU |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of little branches without leaves and other plants taken for large stomachs. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 46 |
| Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Hawthorn USDA CRPU |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of little branches without leaves and other plants taken for large stomachs. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 46 |
| Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Hawthorn USDA CRPU |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of shoots and bark taken to stop menstrual flow. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 351 |
| Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Hawthorn USDA CRPU |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Decoction taken to prevent 'breaking out like cancer' caused by witchcraft. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 351 |
| Crataegus rivularis Nutt. River Hawthorn USDA CRRI |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Poison Thorns considered poisonous. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
| Crataegus rivularis Nutt. River Hawthorn USDA CRRI |
Mendocino Indian Other, Fuel Wood used for fuel. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
| Crataegus rivularis Nutt. River Hawthorn USDA CRRI |
Okanagon Food, Staple Berries used as a principle food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238 |
| Crataegus sp. |
Abnaki Food, Fruit Fruits eaten by children. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 168 |
| Crataegus sp. |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 91 |
| Crataegus sp. |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Compound decoction of root taken for back pain. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |
| Crataegus sp. |
Chippewa Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of root taken for 'female weakness.' Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |
| Crataegus sp. |
Chippewa Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Roots used for consumption. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 132 |
| Crataegus sp. |
Chippewa Food, Bread & Cake Fruits squeezed, made into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321 |