| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick, dried cambium or red osier dogwood & used in all religious bundles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Plants planted, harvested ceremonially and smoked as an important part of every ritual. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for ritual smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating ceremonialist. This man had the favored position because of his wealth in bundle ownership. He drew on the unlit pipe four times and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to the man next to the distinguished bundle owner. This man drew on the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward. Then the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it reached the door of the tipi, whence it was returned to the orderly. The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the lodge, where women and children were seated. If the pipe went out during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and refilled it. The manner in which the participant received the pipe varied according to bundle ownership. Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, imitating the actions of a bear. A ceremony in which smoking had special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony. This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle owners. They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe. The Big Smoke commenced at sundown and continued until day break, and there was continuous use of many pipes. Four songs were allowed to be sung for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for sixteen songs or more. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Used in compound for smoking and the delicate tobacco from flower was never chewed. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Plant preferred for smoking because of the mild quality. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Tsimshian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Winnebago Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Cathartic Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Ear Medicine Plant smoke blown into the ear for earaches. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Emetic Fresh leaves chewed as an emetic. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Karok Drug, Unspecified Used for medicine. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Karok Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, powdered and smoked. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Chewed plant put in the nostril for headaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Poultice of plant applied to the chest for internal pains. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to itchy bites. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Ear Medicine Chewed plant put in the ear for earaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Emetic Plant eaten to cause vomiting. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Emetic Plant induced vomiting. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Plant eaten to clean out the stomach. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Gynecological Aid Poultice of plant applied to woman's stomach during parturition. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Hallucinogen Plant eaten to cause dreams. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Hemostat Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Other Plant used for infanticide and suicide. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Psychological Aid Plant blown in the air to prevent bad dreams. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Respiratory Aid Plant used as snuff for stuffy noses. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Sedative Plant used as a soporific. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Stimulant Plant used for fatigue. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant held between the teeth for toothaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Other, Protection Leaves and lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from bothering you. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pulverized, powdered, mixed with liquid, formed into cakes and smoked in hollow stems. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Mendocino Indian Other, Smoke Plant Light green leaves used for smoking. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 386 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Mewuk Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 356 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Midoo Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 319 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 115 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Tolowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked for leisure. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |