| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Unspecified Nutlets cooked in hot ashes and used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 93 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Unspecified Nutlets used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Inner bark used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Nuts were an important article of food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Winter Use Food Seeds gathered and stored for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Spokan Food, Unspecified Nutlets used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Dried nuts kept alone in sacks or mixed with dried service berries and stored for future use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Porridge Parched seeds pounded in a mortar to make a flour and mixed with water to form a mush. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Seeds eaten roasted or raw, but often considered bitter. If too many raw seeds were eaten, it would cause constipation. Roasted seeds were therefore preferred to raw seeds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Seeds oven cooked or fire roasted. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Winter Use Food Cooked, crushed seeds mixed with dried berries and preserved for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Winter Use Food Seeds cooked, crushed, mixed with dried service berries and preserved for winter use. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492 |