| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Pie & Pudding Seeds mixed with yucca fruit pulp to make a pudding. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Special Food Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten as a delicacy. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Unspecified Secretion from the trunk chewed. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Mescalero Drug, Cold Remedy Needles burned and smoke inhaled for colds. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Mescalero Fiber, Furniture Young trees used for the main hoop of infant cradleboards. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Mescalero Food, Dried Food Nuts parched, ground, mixed with datil fruit, mescal, mesquite beans or sotol and used for food. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Mescalero Food, Special Food Nuts used as an essential food during girls' puberty ceremonies. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Mescalero Other, Ceremonial Items Pollen used instead of cattail pollen in ceremonies. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Mescalero Other, Waterproofing Agent Resin used for waterproofing woven water jugs. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Western Drug, Dermatological Aid Heated pitch applied to the face to remove facial hair. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Western Food, Candy Pitch used as chewing gum. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Western Food, Porridge Pinon and corn flour mixed and cooked into a mush. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Western Food, Staple Nuts eaten raw, roasted or ground into flour. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Western Food, Staple Used as a staple food. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Western Food, Winter Use Food Nuts stored in baskets or pottery jars. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Western Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch used to waterproof baskets. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Venereal Aid Leaves chewed for venereal diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten raw. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch warmed and applied inside and out to waterproof water jugs. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Nuts used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 377 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of melted gum applied to cuts. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Drug, Veterinary Aid Poultice of melted gum applied to horses for cuts. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Fiber, Building Material Wood used for house construction. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Fiber, Caulking Material Melted gum used to plug a leaky canteen or other containers. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Food, Preserves Seeds parched, ground, kneaded into seed butter and eaten with fruit drinks or spread on bread. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Food, Soup Nuts ground with the shells and used to make soup. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 73 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Food, Spice Sprigs placed in the cooking pit with porcupine, bobcat or badger to improve the taste of the meat. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Food, Unspecified Nuts formerly used as an important food source. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Other, Cash Crop Nuts sold in considerable quantities to stores. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Other, Paint Gum used in the paint used on the base of arrows. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Other, Tools Wood used to make the knife for trimming mescal heads. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used to waterproof basketry water jugs and basketry drinking cups. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of gum used to exclude air from cuts and sores. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Drug, Disinfectant Gum smoke used as disinfectant for family of dead person. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Plant used for 'consumption.' Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 35, 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Gum applied to forehead as a protection from sorcery. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Dye, Unspecified Gum used in the preparation of certain dyes. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Dye, Unspecified Gum used to prepare certain dyes. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Food, Special Food Nuts roasted and eaten as an after supper luxury. Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 18 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten for food. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Nuts used for food. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Gum put on hot coals and fumes used to smoke people and their clothes after a funeral. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Pollen used for the Snake Ceremonial. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Fasteners Gum used in making turquoise mosaics. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Fasteners Gum used in making turquoise mosaics. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Protection Gum put on forehead when going outside of house as protection against sorcery. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used in waterproofing and repairing pottery vessels. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used to prevent absorption of moisture and warping. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used to waterproof and repair pottery vessels. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |