| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Bella Coola Food, Bread & Cake Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Bella Coola Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Bella Coola Food, Preserves Berries cooked into jam. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Cahuilla Food, Beverage Berries soaked in water to make a beverage. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Cahuilla Food, Dried Food Berries dried for later use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Cahuilla Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Fruit Berries mashed and eaten. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Costanoan Food, Fruit Raw fruits used for food. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Cowlitz Food, Dried Food Berries sun or fire dried and stored for winter use. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Cowlitz Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Gosiute Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Green River Group Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Hesquiat Food, Fruit Berries eaten with oil. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Hoh Food, Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Hoh Food, Fruit Fruits stewed and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Hoh Food, Winter Use Food Fruits canned and saved for future food use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Karok Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Karok Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Klallam Food, Dried Food Berries dried and used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Klallam Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Klallam Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Klallam Food, Unspecified Leaves and sprouts used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Klallam Food, Unspecified Sprouts and young leaves eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Klamath Food, Dried Food Berries dried for later use. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Klamath Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Makah Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Makah Food, Pie & Pudding Fruit used to make pies. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Makah Food, Preserves Fruit used to make jam. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Mendocino Indian Food, Dried Food Fruits dried or canned for winter use. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Mendocino Indian Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Mendocino Indian Food, Winter Use Food Fruits dried or canned for winter use. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Montana Indian Food, Fruit Fruit was highly esteemed. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Nisqually Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Nitinaht Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh and raw. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Dessert Dried berries soaked in water or boiled and eaten as a dessert. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Fruit Dried berries eaten with dried meat or fish. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Okanagon Food, Staple Berries used as a principle food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Used commonly for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo Food, Fruit Raw berries used for food. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo Food, Winter Use Food Berries cooked, bottled and stored for later use. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of leaves or root taken for diarrhea. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves or root taken for upset stomach. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Other Infusion of leaves or root taken for weak bowels. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Winter Use Food Berries canned. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Puyallup Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Quileute Food, Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Quileute Food, Fruit Fruits stewed and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |