| Salix amygdaloides Anderss. Peachleaf Willow USDA SAAM2 |
Cheyenne Fiber, Building Material Branches used to build sweat lodges. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Building Material Used as the poles for the winterhouse and sweathouse construction. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Used to make the framework of the sweat lodges. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 30 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Building Material Used as the poles for the winterhouse and sweathouse construction. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Lakota Fiber, Building Material Branches used for building sweatlodges. Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Lakota Other, Fasteners Peeled bark used for tying together sweatlodge poles. Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Mandan Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves woven into mats and used in the sweat tepees. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Montana Indian Drug, Adjuvant Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for colds and rheumatism. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Montana Indian Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for rheumatism. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Montana Indian Drug, Cold Remedy Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for colds. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Willow USDA SALAL2 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Diaphoretic Infusion of bark taken to cause sweating for any disease. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331 |
| Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Willow USDA SALAL2 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Panacea Infusion of bark taken to cause sweating for any disease. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331 |
| Salix melanopsis Nutt. Dusky Willow USDA SAME2 |
Mandan Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves woven into mats and used in the sweat tepees. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix melanopsis Nutt. Dusky Willow USDA SAME2 |
Montana Indian Drug, Adjuvant Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for colds and rheumatism. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix melanopsis Nutt. Dusky Willow USDA SAME2 |
Montana Indian Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for rheumatism. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix melanopsis Nutt. Dusky Willow USDA SAME2 |
Montana Indian Drug, Cold Remedy Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for colds. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
| Salix sp. |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Boughs used to make sweatlodge frames. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122 |
| Salix sp. |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Branches used to construct the many different sweat lodges. The Horn Society sweat lodge was constructed of fourteen willows. The Holy Woman's sweat lodge in the Sun Dance was made of one hundred willows, which had been gathered by members of the Pigeon Society. The Motokiks Society (a woman's society) constructed its lodge with twelve willows. Medicine Pipes had fourteen. The used frame of a sweat lodge was left on the prairie. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17 |
| Salix sp. |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17 |
| Salix sp. |
Paiute Fiber, Building Material Willow used to construct house and sweathouse frames. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61 |
| Salix sp. |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Building Material Stems used to make the semispherical frame of the traditional style sweathouse. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7 |