| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Apache Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh or cooked. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Preserves Fruit cooked with a sweet substance, strained and eaten as jelly. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Chehalis Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Cowlitz Drug, Orthopedic Aid Poultice of leaves or bark applied to sore joints for the swelling. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Cowlitz Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Green River Group Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla Food, Fruit Berries used extensively, especially to mix with and extend other berries. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Abortifacient Leaves boiled and used to shorten pregnancy. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Berries cooked and eaten for stomach problems. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Reproductive Aid Leaves boiled and used in aiding childbirth. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Beverage Berries used to make wine. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Dried Food Berries dried for future use. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Winter Use Food Berries formerly an important winter food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to whip soapberries. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make points for oolichan and squirrel spears. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Analgesic Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for pain. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Analgesic Poultice of cooked shoots applied for pain. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for sore, arthritic areas. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of cooked shoots applied to sore, arthritic areas. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Dermatological Aid Root slivers inserted into boil eruptions. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Berries mixed with blueberries, Pacific crabapples and oolichan grease and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of roots or bark used for colds. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or bark used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots or bark used by women during confinement. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Fruit Berries pit baked and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Sauce & Relish Fruits used to make a sauce. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Winter Use Food Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Klallam Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Klallam Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Mahuna Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Blossoms used for measles. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 10 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Mahuna Food, Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded leaves applied to an abscess or boil. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Cathartic Infusion of bark and roots taken by boys and girls as a purgative to cleanse the system. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Psychological Aid Bark used with black twinberry bark for nervous breakdowns. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Food, Fruit Berries formerly used for food. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Food, Preserves Berries pounded, dried, soaked in water until jam like, mixed with sugar and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Other, Sacred Items Pithy branches hollowed out and used to make ceremonial and sacred wolf whistles. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Other, Toys & Games Used to make children's whistles and 'pea shooters.' Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Oweekeno Food, Dried Food Berries dried for storage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 90 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Oweekeno Food, Preserves Berries used to make jam. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 90 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Dried Food Berries dried for future use. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Soup Berries dried and boiled into a soup. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of roots or bark used for colds. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or bark used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots or bark used by women during confinement. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Fruit Berries pit baked and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Sauce & Relish Fruits used to make a sauce. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Winter Use Food Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |