| Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter Stemless Townsendia USDA TOEX2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Veterinary Aid Decoction of roots given to tired horses to relieve them. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 61 |
| Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter Stemless Townsendia USDA TOEX2 |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Chewed and spit upon ceremonial knots to unravel them, 'untying medicine.' Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89 |
| Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter Stemless Townsendia USDA TOEX2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Plant chewed or infusion taken to ease delivery. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54 |
| Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter Stemless Townsendia USDA TOEX2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Pollen shaken from a horned toad pollen to unraveler string and used in unraveling ceremony. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54 |