| Acacia sp. Cats Claw |
Walapai Fiber, Furniture Used for cradle frames. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 49 |
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. Lechuguilla USDA AGLE |
Pima Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Fiber used to make hair brushes. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50 |
| Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Buffalograss USDA BUDA |
Keres, Western Drug, Dermatological Aid Stolons crushed with yucca root or soaked in water and used as a head bath to make the hair grow. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 34 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Southwest Indians Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Southwest Indians Other, Containers Seeds spread on saguaro ribs to dry. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16 |
| Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Goosefoot USDA CHFRF |
Hopi Other, Containers Leaves packed around yucca fruit when baked in earth oven. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 300 |
| Cowania sp. |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Clothing Bark used to make coiled sandals. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 30 |
| Cowania sp. |
Walapai Other, Toys & Games Bark made into a ring used in a hoop and pole game. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54 |
| Dasylirion durangensis |
Tarahumara Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used in the annual ceremonial curing of animals and fields from sickness and lightning. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60 |
| Dasylirion texanum Scheele Texas Sotol USDA DATE3 |
Southwest Indians Food, Bread & Cake Crowns pit-baked, dried, pounded into flour and made into cakes. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57 |
| Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats. Common Sotol USDA DAWH2 |
Apache, Mescalero Food, Dried Food Crowns baked, pounded and dried for winter use. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 58 |
| Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats. Common Sotol USDA DAWH2 |
Papago Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves twilled into mats. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60 |
| Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats. Common Sotol USDA DAWH2 |
Pima Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves twilled into mats. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60 |
| Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats. Common Sotol USDA DAWH2 |
Southwest Indians Food, Bread & Cake Crowns pit-baked, dried, pounded into flour and made into cakes. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57 |
| Ephedra sp. Mormon Tea |
Havasupai Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Twigs used to make drying mat for pulp. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17 |
| Eriogonum plumatella Dur. & Hilg. Yucca Buckwheat USDA ERPL3 |
Kawaiisu Food, Porridge Seeds pounded, cooked into a mush and eaten. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30 |
| Festuca idahoensis Elmer Idaho Fescue USDA FEID |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Scouring Material Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16 |
| Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail Barley USDA HOJUJ |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Used to rub the skin off yucca stalks. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 34 |
| Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. Oneseed Juniper USDA JUMO |
Hopi Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves taken and used for many purposes. Juniper was chewed or an infusion of leaves was taken by women immediately after giving birth. During the lying-in period, all of the mother's food was prepared with a decoction of leaves. Her head was washed with yucca suds and her body bathed with hot infusion of leaves while her clothes were washed in water in which leaves of juniper had been placed. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 330 |
| Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. Oneseed Juniper USDA JUMO |
Tewa Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves taken and used for many purposes. Juniper was chewed or an infusion of leaves was taken by women immediately after giving birth. During the lying-in period, all of the mother's food was prepared with a decoction of leaves. Her head was washed with yucca suds and her body bathed with hot infusion of leaves while her clothes were washed in water in which leaves of juniper had been placed. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 330 |
| Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little Utah Juniper USDA JUOS |
Havasupai Other, Fuel Crushed bark used as a 'slow match.' The crushed bark was twisted into a rope, tied at intervals with yucca and wrapped into a coil. The free end was set on fire and kept smoldering by blowing on it at intervals. Fire could be carried in this fashion from early dawn until noon. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206 |
| Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood |
Apache, Western Food, Beverage Berries soaked, pounded with yucca fruit, mixed with water and drained to make a drink. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187 |
| Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood |
Apache, Western Food, Sauce & Relish Berries pounded with yucca fruit to make a gravy. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187 |
| Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes Prairie Junegrass USDA KOMA |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Scouring Material Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16 |
| Lotus procumbens (Greene) Greene Silky Deerweed USDA LOPRP |
Kawaiisu Food, Spice Plant added to the dry pine needles spread as a layer in the pit roasting of the yucca. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 38 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Jemez Fiber, Basketry Leaves used to make baskets for storage and washing of grains. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Papago Fiber, Basketry Grass used as the foundation in coiled basketry. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Papago Fiber, Basketry Leaves dried, split and made into baskets. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Pima Fiber, Basketry Leaves used to fashion coils for storage baskets. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Basketry Beargrass used to make basketry. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Basketry Leaves used as foundation element in coiled basketry. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Basketry Made into baskets and used for storage containers. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Cordage Leaves used as tying material. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to make matting to cover the dead. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61 |
| Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. Sacahuista USDA NOMI |
Yavapai Fiber, Building Material Leaves used to thatch dwellings. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62 |
| Nolina sp. |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Basketry Leaves used for making coarse forms of basketry. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60 |
| Nolina sp. |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Grass made into mats and used in cradles. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 48 |
| Opuntia sp. Prickly Pear |
Southwest Indians Food, Unspecified Buds used for food. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15 |
| Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow Whipple Cholla USDA OPWH |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Branches made into a wand and used in Red Antway. The Antway wand consisted of five cactus branches with branches of rabbitbrush and other plants wrapped around their combined bases. The base was wrapped with yucca fiber. A small colored wooden disk was attached to each branch by a yucca fiber, each disk a different color. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Havasupai Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems used to make mats for drying yucca fruit pulp, baked mescal, peaches or figs. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 209 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Reeds used to make prayersticks for the Mountain Chant Ceremony. The reeds were first rubbed with a polishing stone to remove the silicious surface in order that the paint might adhere well. The reeds were then rubbed with finely powdered tobacco or sometimes with snakeweed. Afterwards the reed was cut into four pieces (or ten pieces for the second ceremony). When this was finished, the sticks were colored and yucca inserted to serve as handles. The sections were then filled with some kind of tobacco. These had to be kept in order. The section growing nearest the ground was segment number one, the next number two and so on. It was also important that the side of the reed growing toward the east be indicated, so the painting would be done on the side having that exposure. This made it more potent. Fifty-two prayer sticks were made for the evening of the third day of the Night Chant. Of these, four were made of sections of reed, twelve of mountain mahogany, twelve of russian olive, twelve of sierra juniper and twelve of cherry. The first people, according to the Navajo, were supposed to have come up to this earth on a reed. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Navajo Other, Tools Twigs used as beaters to make a high, stiff, lasting lather of yucca roots and water. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Pie & Pudding Seeds mixed with yucca fruit pulp to make a pudding. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Kawaiisu Other, Containers Needles used to form a layer in the roasting of the yucca 'heart.' Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 51 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Snow Gear Wood slabs tied together with yucca fiber used as snowshoes. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl. California Foothill Pine USDA PISA2 |
Kawaiisu Other, Containers Needles used to form a layer in the roasting of the yucca 'heart.' Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52 |
| Pleuraphis jamesii Torr. Galleta USDA PLJA |
Hopi Other, Decorations Stems used to form the base of the coils for manufactured plaques. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 33 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLG |
Southwest Indians Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston Western Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLT |
Diegueno Other, Tools Wood used to make knives for cutting yucca stalks, pottery paddles & tools for digging pottery clay. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32 |
| Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. Blue Oak USDA QUDO |
Kawaiisu Other, Fuel Wood preferred as firewood for roasting yucca bulbs. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |