| Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen USDA POTR5 |
Montana Indian Other, Fuel Used occasionally for firewood. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 37 |
| Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen USDA POTR5 |
Montana Indian Other, Fuel Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19 |
| Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen USDA POTR5 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Tree important to the Sun's House Chant. This tree, according to legend, has the distinction of being the first tree against which the bear rubs his back in the Sun's House Chant. The others are red willow, fir and chokecherry. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38 |
| Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen USDA POTR5 |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdery substance from bark rubbed on girls' armpits so that they would not grow underarm hair. The powder was rubbed on girls' armpits after their first menstrual period. Young men, too, rubbed the powdery substance on their arms and faces to prevent the growth of hair. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277 |
| Populus ?acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia ? deltoides] Lanceleaf Cottonwood USDA POAC5 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Tools Used to make fire drills. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22 |
| Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht Sea Palm |
Hesquiat Food, Dried Food Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones. Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use. The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs. If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24 |
| Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. Northwest Cinquefoil USDA POGRG3 |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of mashed leaves, roots and subalpine fir pitch used on wounds, to draw out the pain. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLG |
Apache, Western Other, Fuel Used for firewood. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLG |
Havasupai Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 228 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLG |
Papago Food, Staple Fruits and seeds used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston Western Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLT |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Bark used as kindling for cooking and firewood in sweathouses. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston Western Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLT |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Wood used as firewood for cooking, baking pottery and warmth. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston Western Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLT |
Cahuilla Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Fire hardened branches used as the foreshaft inserted into the mainshaft of an arrow. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107 |
| Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston Western Honey Mesquite USDA PRGLT |
Diegueno Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 218 |
| Prunus americana Marsh. American Plum USDA PRAM |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Hesquiat Other, Fasteners Bark used to wrap the joints of implements such as harpoons, where the head is fixed to the shaft. First some pitch was smeared over the joint, then the cherry bark was wrapped around and bound tightly with twine or sinew. Finally more pitch was plastered over to make the joint completely watertight. Cherry bark is both strong and flexible and is decorative as well. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Salish, Coast Other, Fuel Wood used for fuel and the hearth and drill in making friction fires. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Salish, Coast Other, Tools Wood used for the drill to make friction fires. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
| Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) Gray Desert Almond USDA PRFAF |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Used as a drill in fire making. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Peach USDA PRPE3 |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129 |
| Prunus serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry USDA PRSES |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus virginiana L. Common Chokecherry USDA PRVIV |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Cough Medicine Pitch used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Candy Pitch used as gum. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Bella Coola Other, Fuel Bark used as a valuable fuel. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Blackfoot Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Clallam Other, Fuel Bark and wood used for firewood. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Clallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make spear and harpoon shafts. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Gosiute Food, Candy Gum used for chewing gum. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 378 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Haisla Drug, Unspecified Poultice of pitch and roasted, pounded frogs applied for unspecified serious illness. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Haisla Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make herring and oolichan rakes. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Fasteners Pitch used for bindings. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Hanaksiala Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of green bark taken for bleeding bowels and stomach troubles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Hanaksiala Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of green bark taken for excessive menstruation. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Hanaksiala Drug, Throat Aid Pitch chewed for sore throats. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Havasupai Drug, Unspecified Leaves boiled and used as medicine. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Havasupai Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used ceremonially. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Hesquiat Other, Fuel Pitch laden bark and limbs used as an excellent fuel. In Hesquiat mythology, Black Bear used to break off Douglas fir bark with one swipe of his paw and pile it on end in the fire. Raven wanted to have a meal with Bear and he tried to imitate Bear in collecting fuel, but he could not break off the bark; he only hurt himself. When the fire was going, Bear put his paws up to the fire and oil dripped out of them into a dish. Raven watched him doing this, and when Bear went over to eat at Raven's house, Raven tried to produce oil in a similar manner. But no oil came out of his feet, and his claws burned and shrivelled up into their present state. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Branches considered important in many of the ceremonies. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Isleta Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of leaves used for rheumatism. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Isleta Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of leaves used for paralysis. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Isleta Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used in the Easter and Evergreen dances. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Isleta Other, Ceremonial Items Trees cut, brought to the pueblo and used in the Easter ceremonies. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Jemez Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used by the Koshares for dances. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Karok Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of young sprouts used for colds. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Karok Food, Beverage Young sprouts used to make tea. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Keres, Western Other, Ceremonial Items Plant sometimes used in ceremonies. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Keresan Other, Ceremonial Items Used to make costumes for dancers, prayer sticks and other ceremonial items. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563 |