| Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Desert Centaury USDA CEEX |
Miwok Drug, Analgesic Decoction of stems and leaves taken for internal pains. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Desert Centaury USDA CEEX |
Miwok Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of stems and leaves taken for stomachache. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Desert Centaury USDA CEEX |
Miwok Drug, Toothache Remedy Decoction of stems and leaves taken for toothaches. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Desert Centaury USDA CEEX |
Miwok Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of stems and leaves taken for consumption. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium muehlenbergii (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Muhlenberg's Centaury USDA CEMU2 |
Mahuna Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of plants taken for constipation caused by stomach fevers. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 8 |
| Centaurium muehlenbergii (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Muhlenberg's Centaury USDA CEMU2 |
Mahuna Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plants taken for constipation caused by stomach fevers. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 8 |
| Centaurium muehlenbergii (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper Muhlenberg's Centaury USDA CEMU2 |
Mahuna Drug, Laxative Infusion of plants taken for constipation caused by stomach fevers. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 8 |
| Centaurium venustum (Gray) B.L. Robins. Charming Centaury USDA CEVEV |
Luiseno Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of plant taken for fevers. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 230 |
| Centaurium venustum (Gray) B.L. Robins. Charming Centaury USDA CEVEV |
Miwok Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of flowers and leaves taken for fever. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium venustum (Gray) B.L. Robins. Charming Centaury USDA CEVEV |
Miwok Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of flowers and leaves taken for ague. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium venustum (Gray) B.L. Robins. Charming Centaury USDA CEVEV |
Miwok Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of flowers, leaves and brandy taken for pneumonia. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Frasera albomarginata S. Wats. Desert Elkweed USDA FRAL5 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to gunshot wounds. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 36 |
| Frasera albomarginata S. Wats. Desert Elkweed USDA FRAL5 |
Shoshoni Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of root used as an eyewash. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 75 |
| Frasera caroliniensis Walt. American Columbo USDA FRCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Root used as tonic and taken for dysentery. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30 |
| Frasera caroliniensis Walt. American Columbo USDA FRCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Antiemetic Used to 'check vomiting.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30 |
| Frasera caroliniensis Walt. American Columbo USDA FRCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Dietary Aid Taken for dysentery and given for 'want of appetite.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30 |
| Frasera caroliniensis Walt. American Columbo USDA FRCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Disinfectant Used as an antiseptic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30 |
| Frasera caroliniensis Walt. American Columbo USDA FRCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Root used for indigestion, colics and cramps. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30 |
| Frasera caroliniensis Walt. American Columbo USDA FRCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Tonic Root used as tonic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30 |
| Frasera montana Mulford White Elkweed USDA FRMO |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of roots taken for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106 |
| Frasera sp. American Deer Ears |
Mahuna Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant used for infected sores. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 15 |
| Frasera sp. American Deer Ears |
Yavapai Food, Unspecified Leaves and roots boiled and eaten. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Apache Drug, Unspecified Root used to make a medicine. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Apache Food, Unspecified Root used for food. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Apache Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 29 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Apache Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Large stems used to make an elk call. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Arapaho Food, Sweetener Nectar used for honey. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 17 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Cheyenne Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of dried, pulverized leaves or roots taken for diarrhea. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 184 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Havasupai Drug, Cold Remedy Cooled decoction of roots taken for colds and similar troubles. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Havasupai Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Cooled decoction of roots taken for digestive upsets and similar troubles. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Havasupai Drug, Venereal Aid Cooled decoction of roots used in conjunction with the sweat bath for gonorrhea. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Isleta Drug, Analgesic Poultice of large, salted leaves applied to the head for headaches. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Isleta Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of large, fleshy root used as a lung medicine for asthma. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Isleta Drug, Throat Aid Decoction of large, fleshy root used as a throat medicine for asthma. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo Drug, Sedative Plant used for alarm and nervousness. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 97 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Panacea Plant used as a life medicine. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 36 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Veterinary Aid Ground plant sprinkled on incision when castrating livestock. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 36 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Psychological Aid Dried leaves mixed with mountain tobacco and smoked to 'clear the mind if lost.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Strengthener Cold, compound infusion rubbed on hunters to strengthen them. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Veterinary Aid Cold, compound infusion rubbed on hunters' horses to strengthen them. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Shoshoni Drug, Panacea Decoction of roots taken as a tonic for any general weakness or illness. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Shoshoni Drug, Tonic Decoction of root taken as a tonic for any general weakness or illness. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76 |
| Gentiana affinis Griseb. Pleated Gentian USDA GEAF |
Blackfoot Other, Decorations Flowers used for their attractiveness. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
| Gentiana affinis Griseb. Pleated Gentian USDA GEAF |
Navajo Drug, Analgesic Plant used as a snuff for headaches. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 69 |
| Gentiana affinis Griseb. Pleated Gentian USDA GEAF |
Navajo Drug, Stimulant Plant used for fainting. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 69 |
| Gentiana affinis Griseb. Pleated Gentian USDA GEAF |
Navajo Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Plant used as an antidote for witchcraft. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 69 |
| Gentiana alba Muhl. ex Nutt. Plain Gentian USDA GEAL4 |
Potawatomi Drug, Alterative Infusion of root taken as an alterative. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 58, 59 |
| Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Closed Bottle Gentian USDA GEANA |
Iroquois Drug, Analgesic Infusion of roots used as a wash and taken for pain and headaches. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413 |
| Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Closed Bottle Gentian USDA GEANA |
Iroquois Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of roots used as drops for sore eyes. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413 |
| Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Closed Bottle Gentian USDA GEANA |
Iroquois Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of roots taken for chills. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 414 |