| Keckiella cordifolia (Benth.) Straw Heartleaf Penstemon USDA KECO |
Mahuna Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion used as a wash or poultice of plant applied for fistulas and ulcers. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 12 |
| Mentha sp. Mint |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used with sage, red penstemon, red willow, scrub oak & chokecherry as medicine for Shooting Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 73 |
| Penstemon acuminatus Dougl. ex Lindl. Sharpleaf Penstemon USDA PEACA |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Decoction of plant taken for stomach pain. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276 |
| Penstemon acuminatus Dougl. ex Lindl. Sharpleaf Penstemon USDA PEACA |
Blackfoot Drug, Antiemetic Decoction of plant taken for vomiting. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276 |
| Penstemon acuminatus Dougl. ex Lindl. Sharpleaf Penstemon USDA PEACA |
Blackfoot Drug, Antiemetic Infusion of leaves taken for vomiting. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53 |
| Penstemon acuminatus Dougl. ex Lindl. Sharpleaf Penstemon USDA PEACA |
Blackfoot Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for cramps and stomach pain. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 340 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Hopi Other, Season Indicator Flowers used to indicate when watermelon planting was over. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 340 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Keres, Western Drug, Emetic Infusion of plant used as an emetic. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for solpugid bites or poultice of plant applied to eagle bites. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Disinfectant Plant used as a fumigant for livestock with snakebites. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used as a fumigant for livestock with snakebites. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Tewa Other, Ceremonial Items Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 340 |
| Penstemon ambiguus Torr. Gilia Beardtongue USDA PEAMA |
Tewa Other, Season Indicator Flowers used to indicate when watermelon planting was over. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 340 |
| Penstemon angustifolius Nutt. ex Pursh Broadbeard Beardtongue USDA PEANA2 |
Lakota Other, Paint Blossoms used to make blue paint for moccasins. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 59 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Decoction of root taken for menstrual pain and stomachache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Burn Dressing Cold infusion or powdered plant applied to burns. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of plant taken for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of root applied to swellings, gun wounds and arrow wounds, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Simple or compound decoction of root taken for stomachache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Honey sucked from flower by pregnant woman to keep baby small for easy labor. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Simple or compound decoction of root taken for menstrual pain. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Decoction of plant taken for internal injuries, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of root applied to gun wounds, arrow wounds and swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Veterinary Aid Poultice of plant applied to sheep for fractured legs. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck Torrey's Penstemon USDA PEBAT |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Plant used as a magic medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck Torrey's Penstemon USDA PEBAT |
Keres, Western Other, Decorations Flowers used for bouquets and decorations in dances. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
| Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck Torrey's Penstemon USDA PEBAT |
Navajo Drug, Diuretic Infusion of plants taken as a diuretic. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 77 |
| Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck Torrey's Penstemon USDA PEBAT |
Tewa Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used as a dressing for sores. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 58 |
| Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck Torrey's Penstemon USDA PEBAT |
Zuni Drug, Hunting Medicine Chewed root rubbed over the rabbit stick to insure success in the hunt. A rabbit stick which was treated in this manner was sure to kill any rabbit that it was aimed at, provided the thrower had a good heart. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95 |
| Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck Torrey's Penstemon USDA PEBAT |
Zuni Other, Ceremonial Items Chewed root rubbed over the rabbit stick to insure success in the hunt. A rabbit stick which was treated in this manner was sure to kill any rabbit that it was aimed at, provided the thrower had a good heart. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95 |
| Penstemon centranthifolius Benth. Scarlet Bugler USDA PECE2 |
Cahuilla Other, Decorations Used as decorations at funerals or church affairs. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 99 |
| Penstemon centranthifolius Benth. Scarlet Bugler USDA PECE2 |
Costanoan Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to deep, infected sores. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15 |
| Penstemon centranthifolius Benth. Scarlet Bugler USDA PECE2 |
Costanoan Drug, Disinfectant Poultice of plant applied to deep, infected sores. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15 |
| Penstemon centranthifolius Benth. Scarlet Bugler USDA PECE2 |
Diegueno Food, Unspecified Flowers sucked for the good taste. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219 |
| Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl. Yellow Penstemon USDA PECO6 |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Blue Flowers boiled and rubbed on arrows and other items to give them a blue, indelible coloring. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 139 |
| Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl. Yellow Penstemon USDA PECO6 |
Thompson Drug, Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a purgative. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 467 |
| Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl. Yellow Penstemon USDA PECO6 |
Thompson Drug, Cathartic Decoction used as a beverage, but if too strong acted as a purgative. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493 |
| Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl. Yellow Penstemon USDA PECO6 |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Toasted, powdered stems and leaves sprinkled on sores, cuts and wounds. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473 |
| Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl. Yellow Penstemon USDA PECO6 |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of outer bark taken for stomach troubles. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 467 |
| Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl. Yellow Penstemon USDA PECO6 |
Thompson Food, Beverage Dried stems and leaves boiled for a short time and drunk as a tea. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of green leaves or leaf powder applied to various skin problems. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of green or dried plant applied for swellings. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of mashed, fresh leaves applied to boils, mosquito bites, tick bites and open sores. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 109 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of smashed leaves applied to sores. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 196 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of plant used as an eyewash. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches, especially children's. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute Drug, Pediatric Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches, especially children's. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of dried, ground leaves and stalks applied to chapped and cracked skin. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129 |
| Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. Scabland Penstemon USDA PEDED2 |
Shoshoni Drug, Analgesic Decoction of plants taken for colds and rheumatic aches. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113 |