| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Flathead Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of young branches, buds and other plants taken for syphilis. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Flathead Food, Unspecified Inner bark and sap used for food. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Haisla Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh in spring. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Burn Dressing Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the face for sunburn. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Dermatological Aid Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the body to soften the skin. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Dermatological Aid Buds used to make a hair dressing. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Unspecified Inner bark used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Preservative Wood dried and used for smoking salmon. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Hanaksiala Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Seed 'wool' spun and used to make blankets and toques. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of buds mixed with deer fat and used to make a fragrant salve. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Hoh Drug, Unspecified Infusion of bark used for medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Karok Drug, Love Medicine Leaves used as a love medicine. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Karok Other, Fasteners Leaf buds, in spring, used as glue to stick feathers to arrows. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Klallam Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of buds used as an eyewash. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Kutenai Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves used for bruises, sores and boils. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Kutenai Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Kutenai Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken for whooping cough. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Kutenai Food, Unspecified Inner bark and sap used for food. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Buds and oil used as a hair tonic. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Buds rubbed on the skin to prevent sunburn. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten in early spring. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Missouri River Indian Dye, Yellow Buds used to make a yellow dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Montana Indian Other, Fuel Branches used for firewood. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nez Perce Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Leaves used for aching muscles. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nez Perce Drug, Veterinary Aid Poultice of leaves used for horses' sores. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nisga Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoes. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 349 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Resin used as a salve for wounds and cuts. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nitinaht Fiber, Cordage Fibers, dog hair and nettles used to make stronger ropes. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 241 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nitinaht Fiber, Cordage Inner bark shredded, spun together with red or yellow cedar inner bark and used as twine. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Inner bark shredded, spun with stinging nettle fiber and used for fishing lines and duck nets. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Knots used to make molded halibut hooks. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nitinaht Other, Incense & Fragrance Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a scent in deer fat skin cosmetics. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Nitinaht Other, Paint Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a base for paints. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of buds taken for gonorrhea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make dugout canoes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Containers Bark used to make food storage containers and to line food storage pits. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Fasteners Bud scale resin used to glue arrowhead onto shafts and in making spears, fish hooks and canoes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Season Indicator Leaves trembling or shimmering with no perceptible wind was a signal that bad weather was coming. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Tools Thin board of wood placed at the top of a cradle to flatten a child's head. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Oweekeno Drug, Dermatological Aid Buds boiled with grease, strained, combined with an unknown ingredient and used as hair dressing. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Oweekeno Food, Unspecified Cambium used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Oweekeno Other, Fasteners Buds used as a binding agent to glue duck feathers to red cedar hoops used for festive applications. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Paiute Other, Fuel Wood used for fuel. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Quileute Drug, Unspecified Infusion of bark used for medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Quinault Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum of burls applied as an antiseptic to cuts and wounds. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Quinault Drug, Disinfectant Gum of burls applied as an antiseptic to cuts and wounds. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Quinault Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Quinault Fiber, Building Material Bark used for house coverings. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Salish, Coast Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89 |