| Alectoria fremontii Tuckerm. Black Moss |
Montana Indian Food, Starvation Food Long, black, hair-like lichen used as a famine food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5 |
| Alectoria jubata Acharius. Black Moss |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Plant cooked and eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482 |
| Alectoria jubata L. Black Tree Moss |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Unspecified Formerly used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91 |
| Alectoria jubata L. Black Tree Moss |
Spokan Food, Unspecified Species used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344 |
| Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl. Caribou Moss |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Food, Fodder Plant given to fawns to try to get them to eat from their hands. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl. Caribou Moss |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Dried plant used for tinder. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Alectoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Vain Caribou Moss |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Food, Fodder Plant given to fawns to try to get them to eat from their hands. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Alectoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Vain Caribou Moss |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Dried plant used for tinder. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Massal. Caribou Moss |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Food, Fodder Plant given to fawns to try to get them to eat from their hands. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Massal. Caribou Moss |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Dried plant used for tinder. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach. |
Bella Coola Other, Decorations Formerly used to decorate dance masks. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195 |
| Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach. |
Hanaksiala Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144 |
| Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach. |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for wound dressing material and as bandages. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55 |
| Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach. |
Nitinaht Fiber, Clothing Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55 |
| Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach. |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Used for wiping salmon. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55 |
| Alectoria sp. Tree Lichens |
Hesquiat Food, Forage Plant browsed by deer. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17 |
| Evernia sp. Yellow Lichen |
Modesse Drug, Poison Plant used for poison on stone arrow tips. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 225 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant blackened in a fire and rubbed on rashes, eczema and wart sores. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Blackfoot Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant and marrow taken for stomach disorders like ulcers. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Blackfoot Dye, Yellow Plant pieces used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Montana Indian Dye, Yellow Used for making clothing, bedding, yellow dye and yellow paint. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Montana Indian Fiber, Clothing Used for making clothing. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Montana Indian Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used for making bedding. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Montana Indian Other, Paint Plant used to make a yellow paint. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Thompson Dye, Yellow Used to make a bright yellow dye. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Thompson Other, Paint Used as a paint on wood and skin. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Wailaki Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for drying running sores. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 44 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Yuki Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for drying running sores. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 44 |
| Letharia vulpina |
Cheyenne Dye, Yellow Boiled in water and used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 3 |
| Letharia vulpina |
Karok Dye, Unspecified Used as a dye for porcupine quills. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 34 |
| Letharia vulpina |
Oweekeno Dye, Yellow Thalli used to make a yellow dye. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 49 |
| Letharia vulpina |
Yurok Dye, Unspecified Used as a dye for porcupine quills. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 34 |
| Ramalina Menziesii Spanish Moss |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Clothing Used for baby diapers and other sanitary purposes. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 123 |
| Usnea longissima (L.) Ach. Old Man's Beard Lichen |
Hanaksiala Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144 |
| Usnea longissima (L.) Ach. Old Man's Beard Lichen |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for wound dressing material and as bandages. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55 |
| Usnea longissima (L.) Ach. Old Man's Beard Lichen |
Nitinaht Fiber, Clothing Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55 |
| Usnea longissima (L.) Ach. Old Man's Beard Lichen |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Used for wiping salmon. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55 |
| Usnea longissima (L.) Ach. Old Man's Beard Lichen |
Oweekeno Other, Cleaning Agent Whole plant used by women to wipe slime when cleaning salmon. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 50 |
| Usnea sp. |
Bella Coola Other, Decorations Formerly used to decorate dance masks. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195 |
| Usnea sp. |
Hanaksiala Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144 |
| Usnea sp. |
Hesquiat Food, Forage Plant browsed by deer. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17 |
| Usnea sp. |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for boils. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211 |
| Usnea sp. |
Makah Dye, Yellow Used as a source of yellow dye. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211 |
| Usnea sp. |
Makah Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used in bags as pillows when feathers unavailable. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211 |
| Usnea sp. |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Used to bandage wounds. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211 |
| Usnea sp. |
Nitinaht Fiber, Clothing Used to diaper babies and for women's sanitary napkins. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211 |