| Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumberroot USDA MEVI |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Compound infusion taken or placed on injured part, a 'Little Water Medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 285 |
| Menodora scabra Gray Rough Menodora USDA MESC |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39 |
| Mentha arvensis L. Canadian Mint USDA MEAR4 |
Abnaki Drug, Panacea Used by children for maladies. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155 |
| Mentha arvensis L. Canadian Mint USDA MEAR4 |
Sanpoil Drug, Panacea Decoction of leaves taken by adults for 'illnesses of a general nature.' Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 218 |
| Mentha arvensis L. Canadian Mint USDA MEAR4 |
Sanpoil Drug, Panacea Infusion of leaves given to children for 'illnesses of a general nature.' Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 218 |
| Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl Narrowleaf Four O'clock USDA MILI3 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Panacea Plant used as a life medicine. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 21 |
| Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry USDA MORUR |
Meskwaki Drug, Panacea Root bark used as a medicine for any sickness. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 251 |
| Myosurus apetalus var. borealis Whittemore Bristle Mousetail USDA MYAPB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27 |
| Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes. Catberry USDA NEMU2 |
Potawatomi Drug, Panacea Compound decoction boiled down to syrup and used for many kinds of diseases. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 39 |
| Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata (Dur.) E.O. Beal Varigated Yellow Pondlily USDA NULUV |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Panacea Powdered rhizomes added to a many herb remedy for various ailments. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 46 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Decoction of root taken and used as a lotion for muscle strain, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37, 38 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray Crownleaf Eveningprimrose USDA OECO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner Hooker's Eveningprimrose USDA OEELH2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera flava (A. Nels.) Garrett Yellow Eveningprimrose USDA OEFLF |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Oenothera flava (A. Nels.) Garrett Yellow Eveningprimrose USDA OEFLF |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of root used for swellings and internal injuries, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub USDA OPHO |
Oweekeno Drug, Panacea Decoction of inner bark from young spring growth taken for any kind of sickness. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 85 |
| Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub USDA OPHO |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Infusion of sticks, with the spines and outer bark removed, taken for everything. The infusion was taken in doses of about one half cup before meals, to replace milk and other beverages. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 164 |
| Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. Clustered Broomrape USDA ORFA |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45 |
| Osmorhiza berteroi DC. Sweetcicely USDA OSBE |
Karok Drug, Panacea Roots used for any illness. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386 |
| Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Longstyle Sweetroot USDA OSLO |
Meskwaki Drug, Panacea Used as a 'good medicine for everything.' Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249 |
| Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern USDA OSCIC |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Decoction taken for malaise. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 261 |
| Packera fendleri (Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve Fendler's Ragwort USDA PAFE4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Panacea Infusion of root used in any severe illness as a cure when others have failed. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 27, 76 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Compound decoction of roots taken or dried roots smoked as a panacea. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 395 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Dried roots smoked for every ailment or fainting spells. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 396 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Meskwaki Drug, Panacea Used as a universal remedy for children and adults. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 204 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Mohegan Drug, Panacea Herb highly valued as a cure-all. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Decoction of plant taken for internal injuries, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of root applied to gun wounds, arrow wounds and swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon virgatus Gray Upright Blue Beardtongue USDA PEVI4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Whole plant or root used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45 |
| Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias Yampa USDA PEGAB |
Blackfoot Drug, Panacea Chewed roots sprayed onto affected part by the diviner. A diviner, like Dog Child, would find the root mysteriously during the rituals. While he sang, often with a drum, he would dig the ground with a special bear claw, coming up with the root every time and anywhere. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Panacea Leaves used medicinally for everything and could be added to any medicine. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 161 |
| Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRP |
Karok Drug, Panacea Plant used for sickly babies. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 390 |
| Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston Oak Mistletoe USDA PHLE14 |
Houma Drug, Panacea Decoction of plant said to be good for sickness in general, a panacea. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 58 |
| Physalis pubescens L. Husk Tomato USDA PHPUP4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Dried leaves and root used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Nunivak Drug, Panacea Infusion of needles used as a medicine for all purposes. Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Panacea Infusion of needles taken to promote general good health. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Shuswap Drug, Panacea Decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis and other sickness. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 51 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Drug, Panacea Infusion of needles taken to promote general good health. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Decoction of boughs used for any kind of illness. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. ex Britt. Oppositeleaf Bahia USDA PIOP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Infusion of boughs used for any kind of illness by old people. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 103 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Shuswap Drug, Panacea Infusion of plant used as a wash for sick babies. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 52 |
| Pinus strobus L. Eastern White Pine USDA PIST |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Leaves burned in spring and fall, smoke used to fill the house and prevent all sickness. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 265 |
| Plantago major L. Common Plantain USDA PLMA2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45 |
| Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl. Lesser Purple Fringed Orchid USDA PLPS2 |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Compound infusion taken or placed on injured part, a 'Little Water Medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 290 |
| Platanus racemosa Nutt. California Sycamore USDA PLRA |
Costanoan Drug, Panacea Infusion of plant used as a general remedy. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 20 |
| Polygala senega L. Seneca Snakeroot USDA POSE3 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Panacea Powdered roots added to a many herb remedy and used for various ailments. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 51 |