| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Chehalis Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to line pits when baking camas. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Clallam Other, Toys & Games Leaves used in a children's game. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Costanoan Food, Unspecified Rhizomes eaten, boiled or baked in coals. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Costanoan Other, Cooking Tools Fronds used to line earth ovens. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Cowlitz Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of stems used as a wash for sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Cowlitz Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves tied with maple bark and used for mattresses. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Cowlitz Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to line pits when baking camas or wapatoo. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Hesquiat Drug, Cancer Treatment Young shoots or fiddleheads chewed for cancer of the womb. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Hesquiat Fiber, Clothing Long, straight fronds worn as head decoration when visiting another place and bringing gifts. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Hesquiat Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Long, straight fronds used as bedding before mats or mattresses were used. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Hesquiat Other, Containers Long, straight fronds used on the ground under fish and other foods to keep them clean. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Karok Other, Toys & Games Fronds used in a game played by adults of both sexes to see who had the longest wind. Beginning at the bottom of the frond, the player touched each leaflet, first on one side of the stem and then the other and said 'tiip' each time he touched a leaflet. Whoever went the farthest up the frond won. There was no gambling on this game. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Klallam Food, Unspecified Rhizomes boiled and eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Klallam Other, Toys & Games Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Kwakiutl Drug, Gynecological Aid Boughs placed under bed of young girl to have as many children as plants. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Kwakiutl Other, Ceremonial Items Plant used as a charm to call the northwest wind. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Unspecified Basal leaves and rhizomes steamed, peeled and used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Containers Leaves used to line food storage boxes, berry picking baskets and berry drying racks. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to line steaming pits. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Lummi Drug, Gynecological Aid Leaves chewed by women to facilitate childbirth. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Food, Spice Leaves used to steam salmonberry sprouts on hot rocks, to give the sprouts flavor. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Food, Unspecified Rhizomes boiled and eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Food, Unspecified Roots steamed or cooked in a pit. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used for lining cooking pits, both above and below the foods. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to line pits when steaming sprouts. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to wipe salmon. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Other, Toys & Games Fronds used in the game, pile pile. The game, pile pile, was played frequently in Neah Bay earlier this century and went as follows: one would take a deep breath and pluck the pinnae one by one saying 'pile' for each, all in one breath. The winner was the one who reached the top (apex) of the frond, pulled the most pinnae off, before running out of breath. In Neah Bay anyone could play this game, but among the Nitinaht, where adults also play pile pile, the game was a family privilege exercised at big potlatches. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Makah Other, Toys & Games Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Nitinaht Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Fronds laid side by side several layers thick and used as a 'place mat' for food at feasts. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Nitinaht Food, Unspecified Large rootstocks steam cooked and eaten in summer. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Fronds placed below and above food in steaming pits. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used for lining cooking pits, both above and below the foods. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Nitinaht Other, Toys & Games Fronds used in games. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Nitinaht Other, Toys & Games Fronds used in the game, pile pile. The game, pile pile, was played frequently in Neah Bay earlier this century and went as follows: one would take a deep breath and pluck the pinnae one by one saying 'pile' for each, all in one breath. The winner was the one who reached the top (apex) of the frond, pulled the most pinnae off, before running out of breath. In Neah Bay anyone could play this game, but among the Nitinaht, where adults also play pile pile, the game was a family privilege exercised at big potlatches. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Oweekeno Fiber, Clothing Leaves used to make a 'hula hula skirt' as part of the costume of some male, tsaika dancers. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 56 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Oweekeno Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves used as a mat under fish when cleaning and cutting. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 56 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Oweekeno Other, Containers Leaves used as a liner for oolichan bins and pits. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 56 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Paiute Other, Decorations Plant used to decorate graves. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 36 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Paiute Other, Toys & Games Kids played with it as a feather. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 36 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Pomo Other, Cooking Tools Fronds used as a lining for an acorn-leaching basin. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Pomo Other, Cooking Tools Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Cooking Tools Fronds used to line an earth baking oven or sand leaching basin. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 47 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quileute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves applied to sores and boils. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quileute Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves used for mattresses. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quileute Food, Unspecified Rhizomes peeled, pit baked and eaten with fresh or dried salmon eggs. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quileute Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to line pits when baking camas. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quinault Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of spore sacs from the leaves applied to burns. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quinault Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots used as a wash for dandruff. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quinault Food, Unspecified Rhizomes pit baked on hot rocks and used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Quinault Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to line pits when baking rhizomes or camas. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |