| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Atsugewi Food, Bread & Cake Mashed berries mixed with manzanita flour and stored in dried cakes. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Chehalis Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Choctaw Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of beaten leaves applied to swollen hands. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 59 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Choctaw Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root taken for dyspepsia. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 59 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Choctaw Drug, Urinary Aid Decoction of root taken for bladder troubles. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 59 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Clallam Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark used for diarrhea. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Costanoan Drug, Cathartic Decoction of leaves used as a purgative. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 24 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Costanoan Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves used for new colds. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 24 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Costanoan Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Costanoan Other, Fuel Hollow twigs used in fire making. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Costanoan Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Hollow twigs used for arrowshafts. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Costanoan Other, Musical Instrument Hollow twigs used for flutes. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Costanoan Other, Smoking Tools Hollow twigs used for pipes. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Green River Group Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Houma Drug, Analgesic Decoction of bark used as a wash for pain. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Houma Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used as a wash for swelling. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Houma Drug, Tonic Wine made from berries taken as a tonic. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Houma Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Stalks formerly used for blowguns. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Karok Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Karok Drug, Panacea Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Karok Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Karok Food, Fruit Mashed berries used for food. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Karok Other, Musical Instrument Lower branches used to make flutes. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath for headaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of leaves used as a wash on limb affected by blood poisoning. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath for colds. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Diaphoretic Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath to cause perspiration. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of flowers taken for fevers. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Herbal Steam Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath for headaches and colds. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Herbal Steam Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath to cause perspiration. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of flowers taken for measles. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Food, Preserves Dried or fresh berries used to make jelly. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Other, Musical Instrument Wood used to make a flute by pushing out the soft core and burning a single row of six holes. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoking Tools Wood section hollowed out and used as a tobacco container. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Klallam Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken for diarrhea. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Klallam Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Klallam Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Klamath Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 104 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Luiseno Drug, Gynecological Aid Flowers used for female complaints. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Luiseno Food, Dried Food Fruit eaten dried. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Luiseno Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Luiseno Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Lummi Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of plant rubbed on bruises. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of plant rubbed on the body for fevers. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of plant rubbed on sprains. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Veterinary Aid Decoction of plant used as an antiseptic wash for itch and sores on animals. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Dried Food Berries formerly dried for winter use. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Fruit Berries formerly eaten raw. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Pie & Pudding Berries made into pies and used for food. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |