| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Gitksan Food, Unspecified Stalks eaten in spring. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Gitksan Food, Unspecified Stems used for food in spring. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Haisla Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of roots, Indian hellebore and Sitka spruce pitch applied to wounds. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Haisla Food, Unspecified Stems used for food in spring. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Unspecified Petioles considered 'the main food in spring.' Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Toys & Games Plant used to play a game by throwing the plant into a pot. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Toys & Games Stems used to make whistles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Hesquiat Food, Forage Young shoots eaten by cattle. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Hesquiat Food, Unspecified Raw stalks of young leaves and flower buds eaten with sugar or honey. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Hoh Food, Vegetable Young shoots eaten raw as greens. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Iroquois Drug, Analgesic Compound infusion of plant used as steam bath for headaches. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Iroquois Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Compound infusion of plant used as steam bath for rheumatism. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound decoction used as wash or poultice applied to chancres or lumps on penis. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Iroquois Drug, Diaphoretic Infusion of plant used as steambath to sweat out rheumatism and headaches. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of roots taken for bruises on the back of the stomach. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Iroquois Drug, Hunting Medicine Decoction of roots used as wash for rifles, a 'hunting medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Iroquois Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used for influenza. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 56 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Karok Drug, Poison Roots poisonous to cattle. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Karok Dye, Yellow Roots used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Karok Food, Unspecified Fresh shoot used for food. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Kitasoo Food, Vegetable Young stems and petioles eaten as a spring vegetable. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 326 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Klamath Drug, Unspecified Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Young shoots used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried, pounded roots and oil used as a hair ointment. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Gynecological Aid Dried, pounded roots and oil rubbed on face and waist of girl at puberty. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Pediatric Aid Dried, pounded roots and oil rubbed on face and waist of girl at puberty. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Unspecified Young stems and petioles peeled and eaten raw like celery. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Drug, Eye Medicine Heated poultice of leaves applied for eye problems. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Drug, Tonic Used as a spring tonic. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Drug, Unspecified Central stalk considered strong medicine. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Fiber, Basketry Large blossom stems twined with sea weed, made into baskets and used by girls for playing. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Fresh petioles peeled, mixed with oil and used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Plant eaten after peeling. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Stems considered a favored food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Stems used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Young tops eaten raw in the spring. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Malecite Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of root shoots used for smallpox. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 256 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Malecite Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion used for cholera. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 256 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Vegetable Tender leaf and flower stalks eaten as green food in spring and early summer. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 373 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Menominee Drug, Hunting Medicine Herb used in the hunting bundle and smudged for four days to remove the charm. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Menominee Drug, Witchcraft Medicine An evil medicine used by sorcerers. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Menominee Other, Protection Plant smudged to drive away the evil spirit, whose special mission was to steal one's hunting luck. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Meskwaki Drug, Analgesic Seeds used for severe headache and root used for stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Meskwaki Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of stems applied to wounds. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Meskwaki Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Root used for colic or any kind of stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Meskwaki Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of root used for erysipelas. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Meskwaki Food, Vegetable Potatoes cooked like the rutabaga. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 265 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Mewuk Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Mewuk Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Used for mumps. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Mewuk Food, Unspecified Young stems peeled and eaten raw. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366 |