| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe paddles. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make ribs and gunwales for birch bark canoes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Caulking Material Pitch used as a sealant for birch bark canoes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Bark sheets used for tent flooring. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used to sew birch bark baskets and canoes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Candy Gum chewed as a confection. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Candy Gum chewed for pleasure. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Split log hollowed out to make a dish to feed fish broth to puppies. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Fasteners Wood pegs used to fasten the tabs on the bottom & top pieces to the basket body during construction. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Rotten, dried wood burned in a slow fire to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make floats for fishing nets. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Tools Dead, standing trees used to make a moose hide stretcher. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Alaska Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of resin applied to wounds. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Alaska Drug, Unspecified Infusion of needles used as medicine for all purposes. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Candy Resin chewed for pleasure. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of gum and grease applied to pustulant wounds. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Drug, Respiratory Aid Decoction of gum or needles taken for respiratory infections. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Building Material Wood used to make cabins and caches. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Canoe Material Split wood used to make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Cordage Split, inner root bark or small rootlets used as fishing lines & cord for making & repairing tools. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Needles used as flooring in tents. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten in the spring. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Ceremonial Items Roots used to make headgear and masks. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Containers Roots used to make trays and buckets. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Cooking Tools Roots used to make spoons, dippers and bowls. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Wood used for fires. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to make floats. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Split wood used to make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of green needles taken or raw needles chewed as cough medicine. Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 28, 29 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Nunivak Drug, Dermatological Aid Resin applied to wounds. Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Nunivak Drug, Panacea Infusion of needles used as a medicine for all purposes. Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Western Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of needles taken or raw needles chewed as a cough medicine. Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 24 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for colds. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for flu. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Tonic Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Gum chewed to facilitate digestion. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Iroquois Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Wood used to make scrub brushes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Iroquois Other, Fuel Bark used to start fires. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Pitch, swan feathers & slender grass tops burned by shamans when making medicine for a sick person. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of needles used as a rub or bath for dry skin or sores. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch applied to sores and cuts. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Hunting Medicine Tops put in animal track by girls before stepping over it, to avoid alienating animals from hunters. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of needles taken for kidney problems. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Panacea Infusion of needles taken to promote general good health. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Unspecified Tree tops used by the shamans to brush people and remove their sickness. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Building Material Wood split or ripsawed and used as lumber for house construction, caches and tent frames. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Building Material Wood used for the building log houses. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Canoe Material Wood split or ripsawed and used to make boats and canoes. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |