| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ojibwa Food, Unspecified Young fern tips, with coiled fronds, were like asparagus tips, only not stringy like asparagus. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Poison Fronds considered poisonous when mature and known to contain carcinogenic substances. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Containers Fronds dipped in water and used in pit cooking to place over and under the food. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Water Indicator Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Rootstocks boiled or roasted and used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Oweekeno Other, Fuel Rhizomes chewed, used as punk in a clam shell and placed in a fire. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 58 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Pomo Fiber, Basketry Root fiber made into coils and used in basketry. Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Round Valley Indian Fiber, Basketry Root wood, not frequently used, split and used for the black strands of cheap baskets. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 304 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Salish, Coast Food, Bread & Cake Rhizomes pounded into flour and baked to make bread. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Salish, Coast Food, Unspecified Rhizomes eaten fresh in late fall or winter. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Salish, Coast Food, Unspecified Young shoots used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Shuswap Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used for bedding in camp. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Shuswap Other, Protection Used to cover berry baskets. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Sierra Food, Staple Roots used as a staple food. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 304 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Skagit, Upper Food, Unspecified Roots roasted in ashes, peeled and eaten. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 40 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Drug, Antihemorrhagic Infusion of rhizomes taken for vomiting blood, possibly from internal injuries. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Leaves used in a steambath for arthritis. The leaves were placed over red hot rocks in a steaming pit, a little water was added and the person laid on top of the fronds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of rhizomes taken for colds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded fronds and leaves applied to sores of any type. Fronds, pounded with a rock, mixed with leaves and melted pine pitch, strained and applied to sores from one to several days. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Drug, Dietary Aid Decoction of rhizomes taken for lack of appetite. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of leaves used as a bath for broken bones or poultice of leaves used to bind broken bones. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Drug, Orthopedic Aid Poultice of boiled, pounded fronds mixed with leaves and used to set broken bones in place. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Food, Staple Cooked, inner rhizome pounded into a flour and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Dried, toasted rhizomes beaten with a stick to remove the bark and the white insides used for food. The rhizomes were usually eaten with fish and were said to be very sweet, but one informant's father said it would give her worms. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Fiddleheads broken off and the stem portion of the shoot used for food, often with fish. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Rootstocks boiled or roasted and used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Rootstocks cooked and eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Rootstocks used as a nutritious food. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ukiah Fiber, Basketry Root wood, not frequently used, split and used for the black strands of cheap baskets. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 304 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Yana Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of pounded, heated roots applied to burns. Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 253 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underwood ex Heller Western Brackenfern USDA PTAQL |
Iroquois Drug, Veterinary Aid Rhizomes, raspberry leaves and wheat flour given to cows at birthing. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 34 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Chehalis Food, Unspecified Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the starchy centers eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Cowlitz Food, Unspecified Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the starchy centers eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Cowlitz Food, Unspecified Young plant tops eaten raw. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Green River Group Food, Unspecified Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the starchy centers eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Karok Other, Containers Leaves used under draining fish. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 377 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to clean eels and salmon. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Basketry Leaf midrib or root used for the black pattern material in coiled basketry. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Klallam Food, Unspecified Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the starchy centers eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Lummi Food, Unspecified Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the starchy centers eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Maidu Other, Decorations Roots used as decorative coil thread and decorative overlay twine in the manufacture of baskets. Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Makah Drug, Toothache Remedy Fiddleheads placed on each side of the gums adjacent to the affected tooth for toothaches. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 224 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the starchy centers eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Steamed rhizomes used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 224 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Nitinaht Food, Unspecified Steamed rhizomes used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 224 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Paiute Other, Preservative Plant used to cover berry baskets to keep the berries fresh. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 36 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Pomo Fiber, Basketry Root used in basketry. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Dermatological Aid Young, curled frond juice used as a body deodorant. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 44 |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood Hairy Brackenfern USDA PTAQP2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Basketry Root pounded to remove bark, bark core split into layers and used as material for basket design. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 44 |