| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used to make the circle of branches for the Mountain Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Bunches of needles carried in each hand by dancers on the last night of the Mountain Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Pitch smeared on burier's body before burying person & on forehead & under the eyes during mourning. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Sapling, stripped of its branches, carried by the Talking God on the fourth day of the Night Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Tree used for ceremonial purposes. On the ninth day of the Night Chant, The Slayer of Alien Gods and The Child of the Water deposit their cigarettes in the shade of a tree, preferably a pinon, while The Shooting Divinity lays hers on the ground in a cluster of snakeweed. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Wood charcoal used to make the best black for sandpaintings. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to make ceremonial pokers and wands. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Fasteners Resin used to cement turquoise in jewelry. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Incense & Fragrance Dried gum, together with parts of different birds, used as an incense for ceremonial fumigation. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Jewelry Dried seeds used to make necklaces, bracelets, anklets and wristlets. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Tools Wood used to make loom poles, beams and uprights used in the construction of looms. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used to make water bottles water tight. The gum was heated and poured into the jar, and by turning the jar, the melted gum was brought in contact with the entire inner surface, after which the surplus was poured off. The outside was also covered with the gum to which a red clay had been added so that the bottle, when finished, had a reddish hue. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Waterproofing Agent Resin used to waterproof containers. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Compound decoction used for headache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of chewed buds applied to burns. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of wood or needles used as ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cold Remedy Compound decoction used for colds. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cold Remedy Fumes from burning resin inhaled for headcolds. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cough Medicine Compound decoction used for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ear Medicine Pulverized, dried buds used as fumigant for earache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Emetic Decoction of wood or needles used as ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Febrifuge Compound decoction used for fever. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Compound decoction used for influenza. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Other Compound containing inner bark used for injuries. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Black Resin used as an ingredient of black dye for wool or basketry. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Basketry Resin used in pottery and basketry making. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Branches used to cover a sweathouse. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Rot and wood-eating beetle resistant logs used as the chief building material for hogans. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Wood used for fence posts and corral construction. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Wood used to make summer shade houses. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Candy Resin used for chewing gum. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Preserves Roasted, ground nuts made into butter & spread on corn cakes or mixed with roasted, ground corn. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Starvation Food Inside bark used as an emergency ration, when food was scarce. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Nuts gathered and stored for winter use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Roasted, ground nuts made into sun dried cakes and stored for winter. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Cash Crop Nuts gathered and sold to make up a considerable portion of the cash income of many families. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Branches, preferably one broken from a lightning struck tree, used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Needles used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Containers Resin used in pottery and basketry making. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Fuel Wood used for fires because it throws fewer sparks. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Stable Gear Wood used to make saddle horns. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Tools Wood used to make sharp sticks for perforating buckskin and various other tools. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Toys & Games Wood used to make tops for spinning and sticks used in the moccasin game. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Pueblo Food, Unspecified Hardened resinous secretions chewed. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Pueblo Food, Unspecified Seeds formerly considered an important food. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Pueblo Other, Cash Crop Seeds gathered in large quantities and sold or traded. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Sia Food, Unspecified Nuts gathered in considerable quantities, roasted and used for food. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 107 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Spanish American Other, Cash Crop Seeds gathered in large quantities and sold or traded. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of gum used to exclude air from cuts and sores. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |