| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cold Remedy Fumes from burning resin inhaled for headcolds. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cough Medicine Compound decoction used for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ear Medicine Pulverized, dried buds used as fumigant for earache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Emetic Decoction of wood or needles used as ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Febrifuge Compound decoction used for fever. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Compound decoction used for influenza. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Other Compound containing inner bark used for injuries. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Black Resin used as an ingredient of black dye for wool or basketry. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Basketry Resin used in pottery and basketry making. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Branches used to cover a sweathouse. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Rot and wood-eating beetle resistant logs used as the chief building material for hogans. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Wood used for fence posts and corral construction. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Wood used to make summer shade houses. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Candy Resin used for chewing gum. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Preserves Roasted, ground nuts made into butter & spread on corn cakes or mixed with roasted, ground corn. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Starvation Food Inside bark used as an emergency ration, when food was scarce. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Nuts gathered and stored for winter use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Roasted, ground nuts made into sun dried cakes and stored for winter. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Cash Crop Nuts gathered and sold to make up a considerable portion of the cash income of many families. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Branches, preferably one broken from a lightning struck tree, used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Needles used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Containers Resin used in pottery and basketry making. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Fuel Wood used for fires because it throws fewer sparks. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Stable Gear Wood used to make saddle horns. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Tools Wood used to make sharp sticks for perforating buckskin and various other tools. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Toys & Games Wood used to make tops for spinning and sticks used in the moccasin game. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Pueblo Food, Unspecified Hardened resinous secretions chewed. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Pueblo Food, Unspecified Seeds formerly considered an important food. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Pueblo Other, Cash Crop Seeds gathered in large quantities and sold or traded. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Sia Food, Unspecified Nuts gathered in considerable quantities, roasted and used for food. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 107 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Spanish American Other, Cash Crop Seeds gathered in large quantities and sold or traded. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of gum used to exclude air from cuts and sores. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Drug, Dermatological Aid Resin applied to cuts and sores to keep out the air. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Dye, Unspecified Gum used in the preparation of certain dyes. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Food, Unspecified Fresh or roasted seeds formerly considered an important food. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Food, Unspecified Nuts formerly roasted and used for food. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Food, Unspecified Nuts used for food. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Ceremonial Items Gum put on hot coals and fumes used to smoke people and their clothes after a funeral. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Ceremonial Items Pollen used for the Snake Ceremonial. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Fasteners Gum used in making turquoise mosaics. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Fuel Used extensively for firewood. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Protection Gum put on forehead when going outside of house as protection against sorcery. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used to prevent absorption of moisture and warping. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used to waterproof and repair pottery vessels. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa of Hano Other, Waterproofing Agent Resin used to mend cracked water jars. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Zuni Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered resin sprinkled in opened abscess or mixed with lard or Vaseline and placed in abscess. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 373 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Zuni Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered resin used for skin infections. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 373 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Zuni Drug, Diaphoretic Needles chewed and swallowed as a diaphoretic. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 57, 58 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Zuni Drug, Disinfectant Powdered gum sprinkled on lanced groin swellings as an antiseptic. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 57, 58 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Zuni Drug, Diuretic Needles eaten and infusion of twigs used as a diuretic and diaphoretic for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 57, 58 |