| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Abortifacient Decoction of flowers and leaves taken when bundle to stop conception fails. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Abortifacient Flowers and leaves included in two separate bundles and used to stop conception. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Jemez Dye, Red Bark, mountain mahogany bark and alder bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Navajo Other, Toys & Games Branch used for the pole in the 'hoop and pole' game. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Brown Inner bark used to make a brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Furniture Bark used to make cradles. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Fuel Used for fuel. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Paiute Other, Stable Gear Wood used to make a pack saddle with posts at both ends. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64 |