| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Bella Coola Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Dried Food Fruits dried and used as a winter food. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Fruit Fresh fruits cooked and used for food. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Winter Use Food Pulverized, dried berries saved for winter use. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves applied to swellings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of shoots given to children for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Thorn used to pierce areas affected by arthritic pain. The upper end of the thorn was ignited and burned down to the point buried into the skin. This treatment was very painful, but after a scab had formed and disappeared, the arthritic pain also disappeared. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of new shoots used to wash a baby's mouth for mouth sores. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of new shoots used to wash a baby's mouth for mouth sores. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of shoots given to children for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Building Material Wooden withes used to repair barbed wire fences. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed and dried into thin, hard cakes. Sometimes the cakes were decorated. The dried cakes were eaten as a snack on winter evenings and were used as crackers to dip into deer marrow soup to soak up the fat. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Forage Berries eaten by bears and other animals. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Season Indicator Ripened berries indicated that the mountain huckleberries in Sanpoil areas were beginning to ripen. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sapwood, bark and roots taken as a stomach medicine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Dried Food Berries formerly dried and eaten. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Fruit Berries formerly eaten fresh. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw or boiled. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Salish, Coast Food, Fruit Dry, sweetish fruits eaten in late fall. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Dried Food Berries boiled, dried and stored. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Fruit Berries eaten raw. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Shuswap Food, Preserves Berries used to make jelly. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 66 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Fruit considered a good health food for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken for diarrhea and dysentery. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes 'for ripe boils and ulcers.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sap, bark, wood or root taken as stomach medicine. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sapwood, bark and roots taken as a stomach medicine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Fruit considered a good health food for general sickness. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Mashed fruit dried for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruit, without the seeds, eaten fresh or pureed. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Preserves Fruit made into jam or jelly. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Pomes eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used for fish hooks. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used for piercing ears. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Strong wood used for digging sticks and axe handles. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Food, Winter Use Food Fruit mixed with choke cherries and service berries pressed into cakes and dried for winter use. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Other, Tools Wood used for making 'camas sticks' for digging these and other roots. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed and formed into cakes, dried and eaten like cookies. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Oregon Indian Food, Fruit Fresh or dried fruit used for food. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 22 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Fruit Whole berries eaten fresh or mashed in a mortar. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |