| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Apache Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Sauce & Relish Seeds ground and made into a gravy. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Soup Seeds boiled in soups. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Special Food Fruit chewed as a delicacy without preparation. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Hopi Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used to ward out the cold through prayer. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 336 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Flower used ceremonially as the 'white flower.' Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 336 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Hopi Other, Decorations Flowers used by marriageable maids in their hair on holidays. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 336 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Keres, Western Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of plant used for swellings. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Dried flowers used as ceremonial medicine. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Dried flowers used as ceremonial medicine. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37, 38 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of root taken and used as a lotion for strain from carrying heavy load. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Decoction of root taken and used as a lotion for muscle strain, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37, 38 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Throat Aid Compound poultice of plant applied for 'throat trouble.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Zuni Other, Ceremonial Items Chewed blossoms rubbed on the bodies of young girls so that they could dance well and ensure rain. The blossoms were given by the High Priest and the Sun Priest of the Corn Maidens. The girls chewed the blossoms, ejected the mass into their hands and rubbed it on the neck, breast, arms and hands ensuring that they would dance well so that it would rain and the corn would grow. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Cherokee Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion taken for 'overfatness.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Cherokee Drug, Hemorrhoid Remedy Hot root poultice used for piles. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Cherokee Food, Vegetable Leaves cooked and eaten as greens. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Cherokee Food, Vegetable Roots boiled like potatoes. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 49 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound used for boils. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 390 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Iroquois Drug, Hemorrhoid Remedy Compound decoction of roots taken and used as a wash for piles. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 390 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Iroquois Drug, Stimulant Compound used for laziness. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 390 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Iroquois Drug, Strengthener Chewed roots rubbed on arms and muscles to provide athletes great strength. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 390 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Lakota Other, Incense & Fragrance Seeds aromatic. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 52 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Ojibwa Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of soaked, whole plant applied to bruises. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 376 |
| Oenothera biennis L. Common Eveningprimrose USDA OEBI |
Potawatomi Drug, Unspecified Tiny seeds used as a valuable medicine for unspecified ailment. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 66, 67 |
| Oenothera brachycarpa Gray Shortfruit Eveningprimrose USDA OEBR |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used as a lotion for sores. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |
| Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Wet poultice of crushed roots applied to sores and swellings. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48 |
| Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Gosiute Drug, Unspecified Root used as medicine. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375 |
| Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Isleta Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of dried, ground leaves used on sores for rapid healing. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 36 |
| Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used in various ceremonies. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |
| Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used as dusting powder for chafing. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |
| Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Gynecological Aid Poultice of ground plant applied for prolapses of the uterus. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |
| Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Other, Decorations Mixed with corn meal and placed on Nightway sandpainting figures. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. caespitosa Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded root applied to inflammed sores and swellings. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. caespitosa Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded, wetted root applied to inflammed sores. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 44 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Drug, Eye Medicine Plant used with Kachina ears for sore eyes. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used ceremonially as 'white flower.' Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as substitute for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray Crownleaf Eveningprimrose USDA OECO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Adjuvant Dried leaves added to improve the flavor of wild tobacco. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray Crownleaf Eveningprimrose USDA OECO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Cold infusion of leaves taken for stomachache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray Crownleaf Eveningprimrose USDA OECO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Cold infusion of leaves taken for stomachache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray Crownleaf Eveningprimrose USDA OECO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray Crownleaf Eveningprimrose USDA OECO2 |
Zuni Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of powdered flower and saliva applied at night to swellings. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 377 |
| Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner Hooker's Eveningprimrose USDA OEELH2 |
Jemez Other, Good Luck Charm Root carried by deer hunters as a charm. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25 |
| Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner Hooker's Eveningprimrose USDA OEELH2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a Plumeway emetic. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |