| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Paiute Other, Cooking Tools Wood made into dishes used to pound roots. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 65 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Pomo Food, Bread & Cake Acorns used to make bread. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Pomo Food, Porridge Acorns used to make mush. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Pomo Food, Unspecified Acorns used for food. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Pomo Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Branches used to make arrows. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Dried Food Acorns sun dried before storing. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Porridge Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing. The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff. They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour. This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor. The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food. The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup. If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water. For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals. Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread. Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush. The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold. The mold was rubbed off. These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush. Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months. They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing. They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Salish, Coast Food, Unspecified Acorns steamed, roasted or boiled and used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Shasta Food, Bread & Cake Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread. Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Shasta Food, Porridge Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush. Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Shasta Food, Soup Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup. Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Shasta Food, Staple Acorns used as the basic staple. Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
| Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAG2 |
Squaxin Food, Unspecified Acorns roasted on hot rocks and eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAS |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Building Material Logs used in house construction. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
| Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAS |
Kawaiisu Food, Bread & Cake Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
| Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAS |
Kawaiisu Food, Staple Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
| Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAS |
Kawaiisu Food, Winter Use Food Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways. The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves. Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
| Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAS |
Kawaiisu Other, Fasteners Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
| Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson Oregon White Oak USDA QUGAS |
Kawaiisu Other, Toys & Games Acorn cupule used to make a top for children. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
| Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray Oak USDA QUGR3 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Fruit Raw fruit used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42 |
| Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray Oak USDA QUGR3 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Spice Shaved root chips used to flavor drinks. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51 |
| Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray Oak USDA QUGR3 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Winter Use Food Ripe acorns roasted slightly, pounded and mixed with dried meat and stored. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42 |
| Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray Oak USDA QUGR3 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Unspecified Acorns used for food. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22 |
| Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray Oak USDA QUGR3 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Protection Used to protect new or ceremonial hogans from lightning, ghosts and witches. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22 |
| Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. Bear Oak USDA QUIL |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Used as a wash and taken for 'female troubles.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302 |
| Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. Bear Oak USDA QUIL |
Iroquois Drug, Other Used as a 'sugar medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Bark used for chronic dysentery. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of bark applied to sore, chapped skin. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Disinfectant Bark used as an antiseptic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Febrifuge Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Bark used for indigestion and 'any debility of the system.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Oral Aid Bark chewed for mouth sores. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken for asthma. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark used for 'lost voice.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Tonic Bark used as a tonic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Unspecified liquid preparation taken for 'milky urine.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Fiber, Basketry Used to make baskets. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Fiber, Building Material Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Fiber, Furniture Used to make woven chair bottoms. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make furniture. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak USDA QUIM |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus kelloggii Newberry California Black Oak USDA QUKE |
Cahuilla Food, Bread & Cake Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
| Quercus kelloggii Newberry California Black Oak USDA QUKE |
Cahuilla Food, Dried Food Dried acorns stored for a year or more in granaries. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
| Quercus kelloggii Newberry California Black Oak USDA QUKE |
Cahuilla Food, Porridge Cooked acorns used to make mush. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
| Quercus kelloggii Newberry California Black Oak USDA QUKE |
Cahuilla Food, Special Food Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
| Quercus kelloggii Newberry California Black Oak USDA QUKE |
Cahuilla Other, Cash Crop Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |