| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Cheyenne Food, Unspecified Inner part of stems eaten raw. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 8 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Clallam Drug, Other Used to suck out the cause of an illness. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Hemostat Poultice of stem pith applied under the dressing to stop bleeding. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 59 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Unspecified Stem base and roots used for food. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 59 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Unspecified Stem base and tender leaf bases eaten fresh as collected by boat. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 59 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Dakota Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems pressed flat between the fingers and used to make household mats. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Dakota Food, Unspecified Tender, white stem base eaten fresh and uncooked. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Dakota Other, Toys & Games Long stems made into a ball and used as an instrument in children's games. The long stems were made into a ball by bending over the base of several together and the remaining length braided together to form a swinging handle. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Lower, tender stem portions formerly used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Hesquiat Fiber, Basketry Round, pithy stems used to make baskets, shopping basket handles and basket lids. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Hesquiat Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Dried stems used to make mats; excellent mattresses. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Hesquiat Food, Forage Cows were said to eat it. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Lower end of the stalk eaten raw. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 159 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Ceremonially associated with water. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Kansa Other, Ceremonial Items Braided stems used as one of the five coverings of the sacred clamshell. The sacred clamshell was kept wrapped in five coverings. The innermost covering was the bladder of a buffalo bull; the second, a covering made of the spotted skin of a fawn; the third was a covering made of braided cattails; the fourth, a very broad piece of deerskin and finally the fifth and outermost covering was made of braided hair from the head of a buffalo bull. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Karok Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used for making matting. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Klallam Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to make mats. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Klamath Fiber, Basketry Outer surface split and twisted into weft cords and warp used in making baskets. Coville, Frederick V., 1904, Wokas, a Primitive Food of the Klamath Indians., Smithsonian Institution, US. National Museum., page 737 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Klamath Fiber, Basketry Stems used for baskets. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Klamath Fiber, Clothing Stems used for hats. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Klamath Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems used for mats. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Maidu Fiber, Basketry Stalks used as the overlay twine warp, upper portions only, in the manufacture of baskets. Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Makah Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to make mats. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Montana Indian Drug, Dietary Aid Roots chewed 'as a preventative to thirst.' Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Montana Indian Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems used for making mats. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Montana Indian Food, Sauce & Relish Roots boiled with water and made into a syrup. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Montana Indian Food, Staple Roots made into flour and used to make bread. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Roots eaten raw. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Nitinaht Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Tall, round stems sun dried and sewn together to make mats, sleeping compartments and mattresses. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Building Material Stems dried, sewn into large mats and used to make 'teepees,' temporary shelters, doors & windows. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Ceremonial Items Stems used to make headdresses for Indian doctors. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Containers Stems woven into storage bags and used to store dried meat, fish and berries. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Cooking Tools Stems dried, sewn into large mats and used for drying berries and cutting and drying meat and fish. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Basketry Used for wefts and binding tule items. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Building Material Used to build houses. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Clothing Used as the warps and the twining wefts for clothing. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Clothing Used as the warps for sandals. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Clothing Used to secure the edges of skirts. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used in a simple pile for seating. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to make twined mats for the insides of houses. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to secure the edges of mats. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Basal lengths of stalks eaten fresh. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 72 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Rhizomes peeled and chewed to extract the juices. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 72 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Roots peeled and eaten raw, boiled or roasted. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Shoots eaten raw. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 72 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Other, Containers Used to make egg bags for transporting gathered eggs. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 78 |