| Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. White Fir USDA ABCOC |
Mewuk Fiber, Building Material Branches used to line acorn caches. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346 |
| Acer circinatum Pursh Vine Maple USDA ACCI |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to made acorn paddles. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15 |
| Acer macrophyllum Pursh Bigleaf Maple USDA ACMA3 |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to made acorn paddles. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15 |
| Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California Buckeye USDA AECA |
Miwok Food, Winter Use Food Nuts stored for long periods and resorted to only when the acorn crop failed. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 148 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Twigs and stems used to reinforce the rims of basket hoppers for pounding acorns. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385 |
| Apios americana Medik. Groundnut USDA APAM |
Huron Food, Starvation Food Roots used with acorns during famine. Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Luiseno Other, Containers Bark fiber made into twine and used to make net sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202 |
| Arachis hypogaea L. Peanut USDA ARHY |
Huron Food, Starvation Food Roots used with acorns during famine. Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63 |
| Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. Hoary Manzanita USDA ARCAC7 |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Whiteleaf Manzanita USDA ARMAM2 |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Midoo Food, Fruit Berries used for food during an acorn crop failure. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 308 |
| Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Woollypod Milkweed USDA ASER |
Luiseno Other, Containers Stem fiber made into twine and used to make network sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202 |
| Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar USDA CADE27 |
Cahuilla Fiber, Building Material Bark used to make conical shaped houses for temporary use while camped to gather and process acorns. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 85 |
| Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar USDA CADE27 |
Round Valley Indian Food, Spice Dense leaflets used as flavoring in leaching acorn meal. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306 |
| Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar USDA CADE27 |
Round Valley Indian Other, Cooking Tools Dense leaflets used to prevent sand from mixing with the meal in leaching acorn meal. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306 |
| Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar USDA CADE27 |
Round Valley Indian Other, Cooking Tools Leafy branches used to spread water gently over acorn meal. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 337 |
| Ceanothus sp. California Lilac |
Mewuk Other, Cooking Tools Bark used as a filter to leach the bitter out of acorn meal. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362 |
| Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth Wavyleaf Soapplant USDA CHPOP4 |
Luiseno Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Bulb fiber made into small brushes used for sweeping up scattered meal after pounding acorns. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203 |
| Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth Wavyleaf Soapplant USDA CHPOP4 |
Mendocino Indian Other, Cooking Tools Fresh, green leaves used to cover acorn bread dough while cooking. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319 |
| Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth Wavyleaf Soapplant USDA CHPOP4 |
Mendocino Indian Other, Cooking Tools Outer portion of the bulbs made into small brushes and used for grinding acorns. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319 |
| Chlorogalum sp. Soaproot |
Pomo Other, Cooking Tools Long leaves used to line the ground ovens while baking acorn bread. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
| Clarkia unguiculata Lindl. Elegant Fairyfan USDA CLUN |
Miwok Food, Unspecified Parched, pulverized seeds eaten dry with acorn mush. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 153 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Ojibwa Fiber, Basketry Finer twigs used as ribs in making woven baskets for collecting/storing acorns or hard fruits. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
| Darmera peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss Indian Rhubarb USDA DAPE |
Miwok Food, Cooking Agent Pulverized root mixed with acorn meal to whiten it. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 144 |
| Epilobium sp. Willow Weed |
Mewuk Fiber, Building Material Used to line acorn caches. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362 |
| Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. & Gray Eastern Mojave Buckwheat USDA ERFAP |
Kawaiisu Other, Containers Leaves used to line the acorn granary to prevent the acorns from getting wet. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 29 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Shoshoni Other, Fasteners Bark used to bind bundles of fine brush for acorn caches. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 447 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Yokut Fiber, Cordage Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420 |
| Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke USDA HETU |
Huron Food, Starvation Food Roots used with acorns during famine. Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63 |
| Hypericum scouleri ssp. scouleri Scouler's St. Johnswort USDA HYSCS2 |
Miwok Food, Dried Food Eaten fresh, dried or ground into flour and used like acorn meal. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 158 |
| Hypericum scouleri ssp. scouleri Scouler's St. Johnswort USDA HYSCS2 |
Miwok Food, Staple Eaten fresh, dried or ground into flour and used like acorn meal. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 158 |
| Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii (Parl.) Snog. Leopold's Rush USDA JUACL |
Cahuilla Fiber, Basketry Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80 |
| Juncus effusus var. pacificus Fern. & Wieg. Pacific Rush USDA JUEFP |
Cahuilla Fiber, Basketry Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80 |
| Juncus lesueurii Boland. Salt Rush USDA JULE |
Cahuilla Fiber, Basketry Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80 |
| Juncus mertensianus Bong. Mertens' Rush USDA JUME3 |
Luiseno Other, Containers Rushes made into woven or twined baskets and used as gathering containers for acorns and cacti. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204 |
| Juncus mertensianus Bong. Mertens' Rush USDA JUME3 |
Luiseno Other, Cooking Tools Rushes made into woven and twined baskets and used as sifters or to leach acorn meal. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204 |
| Juncus textilis Buch. Basket Rush USDA JUTE2 |
Cahuilla Fiber, Basketry Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80 |
| Juniperus californica Carr. California Juniper USDA JUCA7 |
Kawaiisu Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make acorn mush stirrers and ladles. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35 |
| Libocedrus sp. |
Mewuk Fiber, Building Material Boughs placed on top of the acorn caches. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362 |
| Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose Gray's Licoriceroot USDA LIGR |
Atsugewi Food, Substitution Food Tender leaves soaked in water, cooked and used as a meat substitute when acorns were eaten. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139 |
| Lilium canadense L. Canadian Lily USDA LICAC |
Huron Food, Starvation Food Roots used with acorns during famine. Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Costanoan Food, Unspecified Acorns used for food. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Hahwunkwut Food, Bread & Cake Acorns used to make bread. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Hahwunkwut Food, Porridge Acorns used to make mush. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Hahwunkwut Food, Staple Acorns used to make a meal. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Hupa Food, Bread & Cake Acorns used to make bread, biscuits, pancakes and cake. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Hupa Food, Porridge Acorns used to make mush. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Hupa Food, Staple Acorns used to make meal. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Hupa Food, Unspecified Acorns roasted and eaten. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200 |