| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Winnebago Dye, Unspecified Root used as a decorative skin stain. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83 |
| Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. Silver Buffaloberry USDA SHAR |
Blackfoot Dye, Red Berries used to make a red dye. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48 |
| Sherardia arvensis L. Blue Fieldmadder USDA SHAR2 |
Cherokee Dye, Red Used to make a red or rose dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44 |
| Smilax laurifolia L. Laurel Greenbrier USDA SMLA |
Seminole Dye, Unspecified Plant used to make buckskin dye. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 488 |
| Solanum douglasii Dunal Greenspot Nightshade USDA SODO |
Cahuilla Dye, Unspecified Dark berries used as a dye. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 140 |
| Solanum sp. Nightshade |
Costanoan Dye, Blue Fruits used to prepare a permanent blue dye for tattooing. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253 |
| Suaeda sp. Sea Blite |
Cahuilla Dye, Black Plants boiled in water and used as a black dye for palm mats. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 141 |
| Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (Gray) Nesom Geyer's Smooth Aster USDA SYLAG |
Keres, Western Dye, Unspecified Flowers mixed with white clay and used to dye wool or eggs. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30 |
| Tagetes erecta L. Aztec Marigold USDA TAER |
Cherokee Dye, Yellow Flowers used to make a yellow dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44 |
| Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada Yew USDA TACA7 |
Micmac Dye, Green Leaves used to make a green dye. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317 |
| Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada Yew USDA TACA7 |
Montagnais Dye, Green Leaves used to make a green dye. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317 |
| Tetradymia canescens DC. Spineless Horsebrush USDA TECA2 |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Yellow Flowers with two other plants used as a yellow dye for wool. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53 |
| Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex Gray Fendler's Meadowrue USDA THFEF |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Black Upper branch ash used an Enemyway blackening. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28 |
| Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze Hopi Tea Greenthread USDA THME |
Hopi Dye, Red-Brown Flowers used as a reddish brown dye for basket making yucca fibers. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 15 |
| Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze Hopi Tea Greenthread USDA THME |
Hopi Dye, Red-Brown Used to make a fine reddish-brown basketry and textile dye. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 98 |
| Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze Hopi Tea Greenthread USDA THME |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Orange-Yellow Boiled roots used as an orange-yellow dye for wool. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53 |
| Thelesperma subnudum Gray Sand Fringedpod USDA THSUS |
Hopi Dye, Red-Brown Used to make a fine reddish-brown basketry and textile dye. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 98 |
| Thelesperma subnudum Gray Sand Fringedpod USDA THSUS |
Navajo Dye, Orange Leaves, stems and blossoms used as an orange dye for wool. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89 |
| Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards. Prairie Thermopsis USDA THRH |
Blackfoot Dye, Yellow Yellow petals rubbed on arrow shafts for coloring. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western Redcedar USDA THPL |
Thompson Dye, Green Leaves and twigs used as a green dye. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501 |
| Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene Pacific Poison Oak USDA TODI |
Pomo Dye, Black Ashes rubbed on children to make skin color darker. The ashes were rubbed on those children who were fathered by a white man to make them look more 'Indian' in color. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14 |
| Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene Pacific Poison Oak USDA TODI |
Pomo Dye, Black Charcoal or soot used for tattoo pigment. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14 |
| Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene Pacific Poison Oak USDA TODI |
Pomo Dye, Black Juice used as a black dye for blackroot sedge. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 6 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to make a rosy-tan dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Chippewa Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to make a mahogany colored dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Malecite Dye, Unspecified Bark used to make a dye and tanning material. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Menominee Dye, Red Boiled bark used for dark red coloring. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Micmac Dye, Unspecified Bark used to make a dye. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Bark used with a little rock dust to set the color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Dye, Red-Brown Bark used with a little rock dust to dye materials a dark red brown. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to make a rosy-tan dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Dye, Brown Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Dye, Unspecified Inner bark made into a dye and used on fish nets to make them invisible to fish and attract them. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used to make a reddish-brown dye. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Dye, Red-Brown Bark, especially from the inside of a crevice, used as a reddish-brown dye. Bark was used to dye the rope used in halibut fishing to make it invisible to the fish. Canoes were often painted with a solution of this bark in water. This stain was made by steeping the bark in water for many days, until the liquid was bright red. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Dye, Red-Brown Inner bark pounded, boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Black Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Urtica dioica L. Stinging Nettle USDA URDID |
Makah Dye, Green Leaves rubbed on fishing line to give it a green color or used as medicine for good fishing. An informant said, 'As a child I saw my father when he'd take this halibut line, fish line, and he'd tighten it from one end of the yard to the other, while it was being stretched like that, otherwise they coil and tangle you know. He'd take a handful of those leaves and he'd rub it along the line and it gave it kind of a green color. I don't know if that was just for the color or if he thought there was some medicine in it or something, for good fishing or something. Might have been just to tint the line.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246 |
| Usnea sp. |
Makah Dye, Yellow Used as a source of yellow dye. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211 |
| Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. Velvetleaf Huckleberry USDA VAMY |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Unspecified Berries used to dye porcupine quills. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63 |
| Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Ovalleaf Blueberry USDA VAOV |
Hesquiat Dye, Purple Berries and devil's club inner bark boiled to make a purple stain. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n Northern Mountain Cranberry USDA VAVIM |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Unspecified Berries used to color porcupine quills. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64 |
| Verbesina sp. |
Keres, Western Dye, Yellow Petals mixed with white clay and used as a yellow dye for cotton. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74 |
| Vernonia missurica Raf. Missouri Ironweed USDA VEMI2 |
Kiowa Dye, Purple Flowers used as a purple dye. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62 |
| Viola adunca Sm. Hookedspur Violet USDA VIADA |
Blackfoot Dye, Blue Plant used to dye arrows blue. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
| Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh. Yellowroot USDA XASI |
Cherokee Dye, Yellow Entire plant crushed and used to make a yellow dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Yucca baccata Torr. Banana Yucca USDA YUBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Unspecified Leaf juice used as a medium for pigments of pottery paints and slips. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21 |