| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Malecite Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of plant and fir buds or cones used for diarrhea. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 244 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Micmac Drug, Antidiarrheal Bark and roots used for diarrhea. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Heart Medicine Bark used for 'heart troubles and bronchial affections.' Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369370 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Respiratory Aid Bark used for 'heart troubles and bronchial affections.' Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369370 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Plant used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of root bark taken for gonorrhea. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Dye, Unspecified Bark used in tanning and coloring. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Food, Staple Acorns leached with lye and used as of the most important starchy foods. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Other, Hide Preparation Bark used in tanning and coloring. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of root bark and inner bark taken for diarrhea. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Omaha Dye, Black Bark used to make a black dye for porcupine quills. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Omaha Food, Unspecified Acorns freed from tannic acid by boiling with wood ashes and used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 327 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Omaha Food, Unspecified Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Pawnee Food, Unspecified Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ponca Food, Unspecified Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Potawatomi Drug, Antidiarrheal Inner bark used for flux. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 58 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Potawatomi Dye, Red-Brown Rushes gathered for mat weaving and boiled with bark to impart a brownish red dye. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Potawatomi Food, Porridge Dried, ground acorns used as a flour to make gruel. Hardwood ashes and water furnished the lye for soaking the acorns, to swell them and remove the tannic acid. A bark bag or reticule served to hold the acorns while they were washed through a series of hot and cold water to remove the lye. Then they were dried in the sun and became perfectly sweet and palatable. They were ground on depressions of rocks which served as a mortar with a stone pestle, to a flour, which was cooked as a gruel, sometimes called samp. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 100 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Potawatomi Other, Designs Leaves used to furnish a design for beadwork. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Rappahannock Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion of north side bark taken as an appetizer. Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Rappahannock Drug, Tonic Decoction of bark and leaves taken as a beneficial beverage (bitters). Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26 |
| Quercus rubra var. ambigua (Gray) Fern. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUA |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Complex compound decoction used as wash for affected parts of 'Italian itch.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 304 |
| Quercus rubra var. ambigua (Gray) Fern. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUA |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered bark bound to ruptured or improperly healed navels. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 304 |
| Quercus rubra var. rubra Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Alabama Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used as a wash for bad smelling sores on the head or feet. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16 |
| Quercus rubra var. rubra Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Alabama Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of bark given to child old enough to walk but too weak to do so. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16 |
| Quercus rubra var. rubra Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Alabama Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of bark given to child old enough to walk but too weak to do so. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16 |
| Quercus rubra var. rubra Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Alabama Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of bark taken for lung trouble. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16 |
| Quercus rubra var. rubra Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Alabama Drug, Throat Aid Decoction of bark taken for sore throats. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16 |
| Quercus rubra var. rubra Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of twig juice taken for dysentery. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16 |
| Quercus rubra var. rubra Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Kiowa Other, Fuel Wood used as a favorite fuel for the altar fire in the peyote ceremony. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Alabama Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used as a wash for bad smelling sores on the head or feet. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Alabama Drug, Emetic Decoction of bark taken as emetic for lung troubles. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Alabama Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of bark taken as emetic for lung troubles. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Alabama Drug, Throat Aid Boiled bark used for sore throat. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Other, Fuel Wood used on fire to heat cooking stones. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Other, Tools Branches used to dig out crowns of the mescal plants. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Fiber, Building Material Used for poles in dome shaped lodges and as tipi stakes. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Fiber, Furniture Used as footrests for cradleboards. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Food, Unspecified Acorns boiled, pounded and mixed with mescal. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Food, Unspecified Acorns eaten raw. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Other, Cooking Tools Used to make platters and shelves for mescal cakes. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Other, Stable Gear Used to make stirrups. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Other, Tools Used to make digging sticks and wooden tweezers. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Apache, Mescalero Other, Toys & Games Used to make toy bows. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Atsugewi Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction taken by women to prevent blood poisoning. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 140 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Atsugewi Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction taken by women to prevent catching cold during the birth ordeal. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 140 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Cherokee Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Chippewa Drug, Hemostat Poultice of chewed, fresh or dry root applied to wounds as a styptic. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Chippewa Dye, Black Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |