| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Drug, Analgesic Infusion of twigs used for a pain in the side and bladder trouble. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241 |
| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Drug, Stimulant Infusion of root bark used in cases of 'general debility.' Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241 |
| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Drug, Urinary Aid Fruit used for bladder ailments. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241 |
| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw and cooked. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Blackfoot Drug, Laxative Decoction of dried berries taken during the winter as a mild laxative. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Blackfoot Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Certain conditions had to be met before the berries were eaten. Otherwise, they would cause stomach cramps. The procedure was to offer the tree a gift, for boys a little bow and arrow made from the thorns, for girls a pair of miniature moccasins fashioned from the leaves. In return, the tree would not allow its berries to 'bite' the stomach. The gifts were placed on the tree and the berries collected. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Lakota Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ojibwa Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of root taken for diarrhea. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 200 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Beverage Twigs used to make a hot, aqueous, tea like beverage. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Fruit Fruit eaten by children fresh from the hand. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Starvation Food Fruit eaten by adults in times of famine. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Starvation Food Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ponca Food, Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ponca Food, Starvation Food Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Potawatomi Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Fruit used for stomach complaints. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 76 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Potawatomi Food, Fruit Fruit eaten by deer, bears and sometimes the Indians. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Winnebago Food, Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Winnebago Food, Starvation Food Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Bella Coola Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Dried Food Fruits dried and used as a winter food. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Fruit Fresh fruits cooked and used for food. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Winter Use Food Pulverized, dried berries saved for winter use. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves applied to swellings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of shoots given to children for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Thorn used to pierce areas affected by arthritic pain. The upper end of the thorn was ignited and burned down to the point buried into the skin. This treatment was very painful, but after a scab had formed and disappeared, the arthritic pain also disappeared. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of new shoots used to wash a baby's mouth for mouth sores. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of new shoots used to wash a baby's mouth for mouth sores. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of shoots given to children for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Building Material Wooden withes used to repair barbed wire fences. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed and dried into thin, hard cakes. Sometimes the cakes were decorated. The dried cakes were eaten as a snack on winter evenings and were used as crackers to dip into deer marrow soup to soak up the fat. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Forage Berries eaten by bears and other animals. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Season Indicator Ripened berries indicated that the mountain huckleberries in Sanpoil areas were beginning to ripen. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sapwood, bark and roots taken as a stomach medicine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Dried Food Berries formerly dried and eaten. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Fruit Berries formerly eaten fresh. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw or boiled. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Salish, Coast Food, Fruit Dry, sweetish fruits eaten in late fall. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Dried Food Berries boiled, dried and stored. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Fruit Berries eaten raw. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Shuswap Food, Preserves Berries used to make jelly. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 66 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Fruit considered a good health food for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken for diarrhea and dysentery. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes 'for ripe boils and ulcers.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sap, bark, wood or root taken as stomach medicine. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457 |