| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Drug, Expectorant Decoction of inner bark taken as an expectorant tea. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Drug, Other Fresh, white pitch burned to purify the air. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Food, Beverage Needles used to make a tea. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Food, Bread & Cake Nuts formed into cakes. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Food, Candy Pitch chewed as a gum. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Food, Porridge Nuts used to make a paste. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Food, Soup Nuts used to make a soup. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten raw or roasted. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Other, Fasteners Pitch spread on the palms of the hand to make gripping rope easier. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Other, Fasteners Pitch used to glue arrows and cradleboards. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Other, Waterproofing Agent Melted pitch used for waterproofing baskets. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Isleta Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum mixed with tallow and used as a salve for cuts and open sores. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Isleta Food, Staple Nuts formerly used as a staple food. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Isleta Food, Unspecified Seeds formerly considered an important food. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Isleta Food, Winter Use Food Nuts gathered and stored for winter use. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Jemez Dye, Red Gum from old and new trees used as a red paint for jars and bowls. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Jemez Food, Unspecified Nuts gathered in large quantities to save and sell. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Jemez Other, Cash Crop Nuts gathered in large quantities to save and sell. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used on open sores. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of foliage used as an emetic to clean the stomach. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Food, Unspecified Raw or roasted nuts used for food. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Other, Cash Crop Nuts used for trade. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Other, Cooking Tools Pitch rubbed on stone to blacken and the stone used to make paper bread from black corn. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Other, Paint Pitch mixed with ground lichens or mineral colors to make a paint medium. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keresan Food, Winter Use Food Nuts gathered in large quantities, roasted and eaten during the winter. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Needles used in the medicine for the 'War Dance.' Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Pitch painted all over the patient in the War Dance. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum with tallow and red clay and used as a salve on open cuts and sores. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for cuts and sores. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 97 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Emetic Resin used as an emetic. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Dye, Black Gum used to make black dye. A black dye was made from pinyon gum, the leaves and twigs of sumac and a native yellow ocher. The sumac leaves were put in water and allowed to boil until the mixture became strong. While this was boiling, the ocher was powdered and roasted. Pinyon gum was then added to the ocher and the whole roasted again. As roasting proceeded, the gum melted and finally the mixture was reduced to a black powder. This was cooled and thrown into the sumac mixture, forming a rich blue-black fluid which was essentially an ink. When this process was finished the wool was put in and allowed to boil until it was dyed the right shade. This same dye was also used to color leather and buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Fiber, Building Material Boughs used to build the corral for public exhibitions at the close of a ceremony. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Fiber, Building Material Logs used to make hogans for ordinary and ceremonial purposes. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make various parts of the cradle. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Bread & Cake Ground nuts formed into cakes. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Candy Sap used as a chewing gum. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Porridge Nuts boiled into a gruel. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Preserves Nuts roasted, cracked and shelled on a metate, ground fine, made into butter and used with bread. Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Preserves Roasted nuts mashed into a butter. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Special Food Ground nuts rolled into balls and eaten as a delicacy. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Staple Nuts hulled, parched and ground with corn meal to make a flour. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Hardened resinous secretions chewed. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten raw or roasted directly from the shell. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Nuts hulled, roasted and eaten without further preparation. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Nuts gathered and sold or traded. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Nuts sold to the Hano, Jemez and the Keresan Pueblos. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Nuts sold to the nearest trading posts. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Seeds gathered in large quantities and sold or traded. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Seeds used as a commercial crop. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |