| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Disinfectant Decoction of tree top and cottonwood taken for infections. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Disinfectant Soft pitch, sometimes mixed with grease, used as an ointment for external infections. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Hemorrhoid Remedy Chewed pitch applied to bleeding cuts. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Oral Aid Decoction of tree tip, Hudson Bay tea and blackberry stems used for mouth sores. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Oral Aid Decoction of young tips, Hudson Bay tea and blackberry stems taken for mouth sores. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of wood ash taken for chest problems. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Respiratory Aid Decoction of tree top, young birch tip and Hudson Bay tea taken for congestion. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Throat Aid Pitch chewed for sore throats. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of wood ash taken for tuberculosis. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Raw cambium chewed for tuberculosis. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Basketry Roots used to sew birchbark baskets. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees. The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig. Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil. Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife. After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice. Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used. They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Twigs used by young menstruating girls to clean their teeth and to scratch their heads with. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Building Material Bark used as siding and roofing material for steambath houses and other structures. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Building Material Wood used for fuel and building logs. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Canoe Material Roots used for the bow of a canoe. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees. The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig. Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil. Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife. After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice. Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used. They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make boats, boat paddles, shovels, skin stretchers and wedges for chopping wood. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Cordage Split or whole roots used to make line. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees. The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig. Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil. Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife. After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice. Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used. They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used for camp mattresses and dog bedding. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used on the floor of camp buildings to sit on. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Snow Gear Boughs used as temporary snowshoes by securing with line. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Candy Hard pitch used for chewing gum. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Fodder Rotten wood mixed with poque and fed to puppies. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Starvation Food Cambium used as a food during periods of food shortage. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Unspecified Fresh sap eaten as food during the summer. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Containers Roots woven into waterproof containers. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees. The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig. Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil. Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife. After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice. Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used. They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Containers Small, dead tree used to dry fish on. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Cooking Tools Bark made into a container and used to roast waterfowl eggs. The spruce bark was cut large enough to surround the eggs, tied around the eggs and the ends plugged with moss. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Cooking Tools Rough bark used to cut fish on, prevented the fish from slipping. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Fasteners Warmed pitch used as glue to patch birchbark canoes and to attach feathers to arrows. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Fuel Wood used for fuel and building logs. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hide Preparation Rotten, reddish-colored wood smoke used to tan moose skins. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots woven into dip nets. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees. The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig. Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil. Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife. After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice. Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used. They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hunting & Fishing Item White, inner side of bark used in the bottom of a weir to act as a reflector. Reflector used in order to more easily spot fish as they swam through the weir. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to build weirs, fish traps, fish racks, fish rafts and boat poles. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Insecticide Needles burned to keep mosquitoes away. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Tools Wood used to make boats, boat paddles, shovels, skin stretchers and wedges for chopping wood. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tlingit Drug, Antidiarrheal Sap mixed with mountain goat tallow and used for diarrhea. Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 283 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for colds. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for flu. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Tonic Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum used as a salve. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 127 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of branch tips used for 'healing the insides.' Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 127 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Unspecified Used in the medicinal sudatory. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 127 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Basketry Roots used to sew baskets. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Canoe Material Roots used to sew canoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Snow Gear Roots used to sew snowshoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Anticosti Food, Beverage Branches used to make beer. Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 63 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Carrier Fiber, Snow Gear Young wood used to make snowshoes. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |