| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used on open sores. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of foliage used as an emetic to clean the stomach. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Food, Unspecified Raw or roasted nuts used for food. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Other, Cash Crop Nuts used for trade. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Other, Cooking Tools Pitch rubbed on stone to blacken and the stone used to make paper bread from black corn. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keres, Western Other, Paint Pitch mixed with ground lichens or mineral colors to make a paint medium. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keresan Food, Winter Use Food Nuts gathered in large quantities, roasted and eaten during the winter. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Needles used in the medicine for the 'War Dance.' Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Pitch painted all over the patient in the War Dance. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum with tallow and red clay and used as a salve on open cuts and sores. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for cuts and sores. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 97 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Drug, Emetic Resin used as an emetic. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Dye, Black Gum used to make black dye. A black dye was made from pinyon gum, the leaves and twigs of sumac and a native yellow ocher. The sumac leaves were put in water and allowed to boil until the mixture became strong. While this was boiling, the ocher was powdered and roasted. Pinyon gum was then added to the ocher and the whole roasted again. As roasting proceeded, the gum melted and finally the mixture was reduced to a black powder. This was cooled and thrown into the sumac mixture, forming a rich blue-black fluid which was essentially an ink. When this process was finished the wool was put in and allowed to boil until it was dyed the right shade. This same dye was also used to color leather and buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Fiber, Building Material Boughs used to build the corral for public exhibitions at the close of a ceremony. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Fiber, Building Material Logs used to make hogans for ordinary and ceremonial purposes. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make various parts of the cradle. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Bread & Cake Ground nuts formed into cakes. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Candy Sap used as a chewing gum. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Porridge Nuts boiled into a gruel. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Preserves Nuts roasted, cracked and shelled on a metate, ground fine, made into butter and used with bread. Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Preserves Roasted nuts mashed into a butter. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Special Food Ground nuts rolled into balls and eaten as a delicacy. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Staple Nuts hulled, parched and ground with corn meal to make a flour. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Hardened resinous secretions chewed. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten raw or roasted directly from the shell. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Nuts hulled, roasted and eaten without further preparation. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Nuts gathered and sold or traded. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Nuts sold to the Hano, Jemez and the Keresan Pueblos. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Nuts sold to the nearest trading posts. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Seeds gathered in large quantities and sold or traded. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Cash Crop Seeds used as a commercial crop. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used to make the circle of branches for the Mountain Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Bunches of needles carried in each hand by dancers on the last night of the Mountain Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Pitch smeared on burier's body before burying person & on forehead & under the eyes during mourning. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Sapling, stripped of its branches, carried by the Talking God on the fourth day of the Night Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Tree used for ceremonial purposes. On the ninth day of the Night Chant, The Slayer of Alien Gods and The Child of the Water deposit their cigarettes in the shade of a tree, preferably a pinon, while The Shooting Divinity lays hers on the ground in a cluster of snakeweed. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Wood charcoal used to make the best black for sandpaintings. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to make ceremonial pokers and wands. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Fasteners Resin used to cement turquoise in jewelry. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Incense & Fragrance Dried gum, together with parts of different birds, used as an incense for ceremonial fumigation. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Jewelry Dried seeds used to make necklaces, bracelets, anklets and wristlets. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Tools Wood used to make loom poles, beams and uprights used in the construction of looms. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Waterproofing Agent Gum used to make water bottles water tight. The gum was heated and poured into the jar, and by turning the jar, the melted gum was brought in contact with the entire inner surface, after which the surplus was poured off. The outside was also covered with the gum to which a red clay had been added so that the bottle, when finished, had a reddish hue. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo Other, Waterproofing Agent Resin used to waterproof containers. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Compound decoction used for headache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of chewed buds applied to burns. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of wood or needles used as ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cold Remedy Compound decoction used for colds. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13 |