| Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill Tall Thistle USDA CIAL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Infusion of leaves taken for neuralgia. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58 |
| Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill Tall Thistle USDA CIAL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Warm infusion of roots taken to help person who overeats. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58 |
| Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill Tall Thistle USDA CIAL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Poultice Roots used as poultice and decoction of bruised plant used to poultice sore jaw. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58 |
| Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill Tall Thistle USDA CIAL2 |
Cherokee Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Down used as the tail for blow darts. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Abnaki Drug, Anthelmintic Decoction of roots used by children for worms. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 173 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Abnaki Drug, Anthelmintic Used as a vermifuge. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Abnaki Drug, Pediatric Aid Decoction of roots used by children for worms. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 173 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Iroquois Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of roots used for mouth sickness. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 63 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Mohegan Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for infants. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 71, 128 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Mohegan Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for infants. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 71, 128 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Mohegan Drug, Pulmonary Aid Plant used for lung trouble. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 128 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Mohegan Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of plant taken for consumption. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 269 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Montagnais Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of plant taken for consumption. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 269 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Montagnais Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of plant used for consumption. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle USDA CIAR4 |
Ojibwa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used as a 'bowel tonic.' Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 364 |
| Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. Clustered Thistle USDA CIBR2 |
Cowichan Food, Unspecified Large taproots peeled and eaten raw or cooked. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81 |
| Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. Clustered Thistle USDA CIBR2 |
Hesquiat Food, Unspecified Flower heads chewed to get the nectar. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61 |
| Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. Clustered Thistle USDA CIBR2 |
Nitinaht Fiber, Clothing Down spun with yellow cedar inner bark and used for baby clothing. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97 |
| Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. Clustered Thistle USDA CIBR2 |
Nitinaht Other, Protection Leaves or roots dried and placed around the house for protection from evil influences. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97 |
| Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. Clustered Thistle USDA CIBR2 |
Saanich Food, Unspecified Large taproots peeled and eaten raw or cooked. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81 |
| Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. Clustered Thistle USDA CIBR2 |
Saanich Other, Protection Sharp leaves placed in bathwater for protection from evil spirits, particularly before feasts. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81 |
| Cirsium calcareum (M.E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Cainville Thistle USDA CICA10 |
Hopi Drug, Anthelmintic Plant used as a worm remedy. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 95-96 |
| Cirsium calcareum (M.E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Cainville Thistle USDA CICA10 |
Hopi Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for itching. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32,95,96 |
| Cirsium calcareum (M.E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Cainville Thistle USDA CICA10 |
Hopi Drug, Laxative Plant used as a laxative. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 95-96 |
| Cirsium calcareum (M.E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Cainville Thistle USDA CICA10 |
Hopi Drug, Throat Aid Decoction of plant used for tickling throat caused by a cold. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 95-96 |
| Cirsium calcareum (M.E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Cainville Thistle USDA CICA10 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Eye Medicine Cold infusion of root used as a wash for sore eyes. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50 |
| Cirsium congdonii Moore & Frankton Rosette Thistle USDA CISC2 |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Spring stalks peeled and eaten raw. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20 |
| Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field Thistle USDA CIDI |
Cree Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of root paste applied to linen cloths and bound to the wound. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 490 |
| Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field Thistle USDA CIDI |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of roots taken or poultice of roots applied to boils. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 475 |
| Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field Thistle USDA CIDI |
Iroquois Drug, Hemorrhoid Remedy Compound decoction of plants taken for piles. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 475 |
| Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field Thistle USDA CIDI |
Meskwaki Drug, Analgesic Infusion of root used for stomachaches. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 213 |
| Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field Thistle USDA CIDI |
Meskwaki Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root taken for stomachache. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 213 |
| Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray Dwarf Thistle USDA CIDR2 |
Atsugewi Food, Unspecified Young, raw stalks used for food. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139 |
| Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray Dwarf Thistle USDA CIDR2 |
Cahuilla Food, Unspecified Bud, at the base of the thistle, used for food. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 55 |
| Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray Dwarf Thistle USDA CIDR2 |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Stems formerly used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366 |
| Cirsium eatonii (Gray) B.L. Robins. Mountain Thistle USDA CIEA |
Gosiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for cuts and sores. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366 |
| Cirsium eatonii (Gray) B.L. Robins. Mountain Thistle USDA CIEA |
Gosiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for wounds, cuts or sores. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 349 |
| Cirsium eatonii (Gray) B.L. Robins. Mountain Thistle USDA CIEA |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Stems used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Cheyenne Food, Special Food Young stems eaten raw as a 'luxury food.' Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Cheyenne Food, Unspecified Peeled stem used for food. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 191 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Cheyenne Food, Unspecified Tender, spring shoots eaten raw. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Hoh Food, Vegetable Young shoots eaten as greens. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Roots boiled and used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Quileute Food, Vegetable Young shoots eaten as greens. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Roots dried and stored for future use. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown. One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.' One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Thompson Food, Soup Dried roots rehydrated, scraped, chopped and cooked in stews. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown. One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.' One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Fresh roots eaten cooked. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown. One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.' One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178 |
| Cirsium edule Nutt. Edible Thistle USDA CIED |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Roots boiled and used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36 |
| Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. White Thistle USDA CIHO |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Roots boiled and used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36 |
| Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. White Thistle USDA CIHO |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Dried roots rehydrated, scraped, chopped and cooked in stews. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown. One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.' One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178 |