| Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. White Thistle USDA CIHO |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Roots dried and stored for future use. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown. One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.' One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178 |
| Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. White Thistle USDA CIHO |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Deep, thick roots cooked and eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480 |
| Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. White Thistle USDA CIHO |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Fresh roots eaten cooked. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown. One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.' One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178 |
| Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. White Thistle USDA CIHO |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Roots boiled and used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36 |
| Cirsium horridulum Michx. Yellow Thistle USDA CIHOH |
Houma Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of leaves and root in whiskey recognized as a strong astringent. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57 |
| Cirsium horridulum Michx. Yellow Thistle USDA CIHOH |
Houma Drug, Expectorant Infusion of leaf and root in whiskey taken to clear phlegm from lungs and throat. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57 |
| Cirsium horridulum Michx. Yellow Thistle USDA CIHOH |
Houma Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of leaves and root in whiskey taken to clear throat and lungs of phlegm. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57 |
| Cirsium horridulum Michx. Yellow Thistle USDA CIHOH |
Houma Food, Unspecified Tender, white hearts eaten raw. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57 |
| Cirsium horridulum Michx. Yellow Thistle USDA CIHOH |
Seminole Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make blowgun darts. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 507 |
| Cirsium neomexicanum Gray New Mexico Thistle USDA CINE |
Navajo Drug, Febrifuge Plant used for chills and fevers. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 96 |
| Cirsium neomexicanum Gray New Mexico Thistle USDA CINE |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Eye Medicine Cold infusion of root used as a wash for eye diseases. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50 |
| Cirsium neomexicanum Gray New Mexico Thistle USDA CINE |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Cold infusion of plant taken when one 'feels bad all over.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50 |
| Cirsium neomexicanum Gray New Mexico Thistle USDA CINE |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50 |
| Cirsium neomexicanum Gray New Mexico Thistle USDA CINE |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Veterinary Aid Cold infusion of root used as a wash for livestock with eye diseases. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50 |
| Cirsium neomexicanum Gray New Mexico Thistle USDA CINE |
Yavapai Food, Unspecified Raw, peeled stems used for food. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256 |
| Cirsium occidentale (Nutt.) Jepson Cobwebby Thistle USDA CIOCO |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Spring stems skinned and eaten raw. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20 |
| Cirsium occidentale (Nutt.) Jepson Cobwebby Thistle USDA CIOCO |
Tubatulabal Food, Unspecified Stalks used extensively for food. Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15 |
| Cirsium occidentale var. californicum (Gray) Keil & C. Turner California Thistle USDA CIOCC4 |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Spring stems skinned and eaten raw. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Drug, Burn Dressing Decoction of blossoms used as wash for burns. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of blossoms used as wash for sores. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Other, Protection Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Other, Protection Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Contraceptive Infusion of root taken by both partners as a contraceptive. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Diaphoretic Infusion of whole plant taken as a diaphoretic for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Diuretic Infusion of whole plant taken as a diuretic for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Emetic Infusion of whole plant taken as an emetic for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of fresh or dried root taken three times a day for diabetes. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of whole plant taken for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of whole plant taken for syphilis. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374 |
| Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl. Pale Thistle USDA CIPA5 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Bread & Cake Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49 |
| Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl. Pale Thistle USDA CIPA5 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Unspecified Seeds boiled and eaten. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49 |
| Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl. Pale Thistle USDA CIPA5 |
Keres, Western Drug, Diuretic Roots used as a diuretic. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37 |
| Cirsium parryi (Gray) Petrak Parry's Thistle USDA CIPAP2 |
Keres, Western Other, Unspecified Taxon known and named but no use was specified. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37 |
| Cirsium pastoris J.T. Howell Snowy Thistle USDA CIPA2 |
Paiute Food, Unspecified Stems peeled and eaten raw. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103 |
| Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. Fewleaf Thistle USDA CIRE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of root used to wipe out child's mouth for rash and cankers. Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383 |
| Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. Fewleaf Thistle USDA CIRE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Oral Aid Root held in mouth for rash or cankers in mouth and infusion used for children. Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383 |
| Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. Fewleaf Thistle USDA CIRE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Oral Aid Root skins dried, soaked in water and used as a wash for mouth rashes and cankers. Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383 |
| Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. Fewleaf Thistle USDA CIRE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of root used to wipe out child's mouth for rash and cankers. Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383 |
| Cirsium rothrockii (Gray) Petrak Rothrock's Thistle USDA CIRO |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Febrifuge Plant used for fevers caused by injuries. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46 |
| Cirsium rothrockii (Gray) Petrak Rothrock's Thistle USDA CIRO |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Roots used as a lotion or eaten raw for smallpox. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46 |
| Cirsium rothrockii (Gray) Petrak Rothrock's Thistle USDA CIRO |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Panacea Plant used as a life medicine. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46 |
| Cirsium scariosum Nutt. Meadow Thistle USDA CISC2 |
Flathead Food, Unspecified Roots eaten raw or pit baked. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 13 |
| Cirsium scariosum Nutt. Meadow Thistle USDA CISC2 |
Kutenai Food, Unspecified Roots eaten raw or pit baked. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 13 |
| Cirsium scariosum Nutt. Meadow Thistle USDA CISC2 |
Nez Perce Food, Unspecified Roots eaten raw or pit baked. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 13 |
| Cirsium sp. |
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified Flower head pedicels eaten fresh. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
| Cirsium sp. |
Cherokee Drug, Poultice Roots of various species used as poultices. Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74 |
| Cirsium sp. |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Compound decoction of root taken for back pain. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |
| Cirsium sp. |
Chippewa Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of root taken for 'female weakness.' Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |