| Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRF4 |
Thompson Drug, Veterinary Aid Decoction of plant used on horses' legs. The decoction was used to wash a horse's leg and after just a couple of days, the horse was able to walk again. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286 |
| Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRF4 |
Thompson Dye, Unspecified Plant used in making a dye for basket designs. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286 |
| Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRF4 |
Thompson Food, Forage Plant frequented by bees and hummingbirds for the nectar. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286 |
| Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRF4 |
Thompson Food, Spice Plant used in pit cooking nodding onions. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286 |
| Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRF4 |
Thompson Other, Decorations Plant used as a yellow-flowered garden shrub frequented by hummingbirds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286 |
| Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronq. Littleleaf Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRS |
Okanagon Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of stems, flowers and leaves used as a wash for inflamed eyes. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronq. Littleleaf Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRS |
Okanagon Drug, Kidney Aid Decoction of stems, flowers and leaves taken for kidney troubles. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronq. Littleleaf Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRS |
Okanagon Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of stems, flowers and leaves taken for sore back. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronq. Littleleaf Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRS |
Thompson Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of stems, flowers and leaves used as a wash for inflamed eyes. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronq. Littleleaf Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRS |
Thompson Drug, Kidney Aid Decoction of stems, flowers and leaves taken for kidney troubles. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronq. Littleleaf Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRS |
Thompson Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of stems, flowers and leaves taken for sore back. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Penstemon gracilis Nutt. Lilac Penstemon USDA PEGRG3 |
Lakota Other, Protection Roots used against snakebite. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 59 |
| Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. Large Beardtongue USDA PEGR7 |
Dakota Drug, Analgesic Decoction of roots used for chest pains. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363 |
| Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. Large Beardtongue USDA PEGR7 |
Kiowa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots taken for stomachaches. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 51 |
| Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. Large Beardtongue USDA PEGR7 |
Pawnee Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of leaves taken for chills and fever. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 114 |
| Penstemon jamesii Benth. James' Beardtongue USDA PEJA |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Emetic Plant used as an emetic and lotion to purify a newborn infant before nursing. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 43 |
| Penstemon jamesii Benth. James' Beardtongue USDA PEJA |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Pediatric Aid Plant used as an emetic and lotion to purify a newborn infant before nursing. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 43 |
| Penstemon jamesii Benth. James' Beardtongue USDA PEJA |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Cold, compound infusion of plant taken for headache caused by hunting. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon jamesii Benth. James' Beardtongue USDA PEJA |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used ceremonially for headache and sore throat. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon jamesii Benth. James' Beardtongue USDA PEJA |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Throat Aid Cold infusion taken and used as lotion for sore throat. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon laetus Gray Mountain Blue Penstemon USDA PELAL6 |
Karok Drug, Psychological Aid Infusion of plant taken and used as a steambath by grieving person. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Penstemon laevigatus Ait. Eastern Smooth Beardtongue USDA PELA8 |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion taken for cramps. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Penstemon linarioides ssp. coloradoensis (A. Nels.) Keck Colorado Penstemon USDA PELIC |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken early in pregnancy to insure birth of female child. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon linarioides ssp. coloradoensis (A. Nels.) Keck Colorado Penstemon USDA PELIC |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken to facilitate labor and delivery of placenta. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon pachyphyllus Gray ex Rydb. Thickleaf Beardtongue USDA PEPAP8 |
Havasupai Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves folded lengthwise and place in the mouth to produce a baby deer sound while hunting. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 241 |
| Penstemon palmeri Gray Palmer's Penstemon USDA PEPAP9 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Poultice of plant applied to snakebite sores. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 43 |
| Penstemon pruinosus Dougl. ex Lindl. Chilean Beardtongue USDA PEPR3 |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Blue Flowers boiled and rubbed on arrows and other items to give them a blue, indelible coloring. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 139 |
| Penstemon richardsonii Dougl. ex Lindl. Cutleaf Beardtongue USDA PERIR |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of stalks with leaves and flowers taken for typhoid fever. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 139 |
| Penstemon richardsonii Dougl. ex Lindl. Cutleaf Beardtongue USDA PERIR |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of crushed leaves applied to sores. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 109 |
| Penstemon rostriflorus Kellogg Bridge Penstemon USDA PERO10 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Orthopedic Aid Poultice of mashed roots applied to swollen limbs. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Creek Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of root taken for colds, coughs, consumption and whooping cough. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Natchez Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of root taken for colds. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Natchez Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of root taken for coughs. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Natchez Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of root taken for consumption and whooping cough. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Navajo Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Infusion taken and poultice of pounded leaves applied to rattlesnake bites. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 77 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Navajo Food, Beverage Used to make beverages. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Navajo Food, Beverage Used to make tea. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 77 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Navajo Food, Forage Plant browsed by animals. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Paiute Drug, Toothache Remedy Chewed root inserted into the tooth cavity for pain. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 114115 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Thompson Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of plants used as a wash for sore eyes. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 465 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Thompson Drug, Kidney Aid Decoction of plants taken for kidney trouble. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 465 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Thompson Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of plants taken for sore back. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 465 |
| Penstemon utahensis Eastw. Utah Penstemon USDA PEUT |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 342 |
| Penstemon utahensis Eastw. Utah Penstemon USDA PEUT |
Hopi Other, Decorations Flowers used for personal decoration. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 342 |
| Penstemon utahensis Eastw. Utah Penstemon USDA PEUT |
Hopi Other, Season Indicator Flowers used to indicate when watermelon planting was over. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 342 |
| Penstemon virgatus Gray Upright Blue Beardtongue USDA PEVI4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Whole plant or root used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45 |