| Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broadleaf Arrowhead USDA SALA2 |
Potawatomi Food, Vegetable Potatoes, deer meat and maple sugar made a very tasty dish. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 95 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Ojibwa Drug, Throat Aid Root juice on maple sugar used for sore throat. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 377378 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Potawatomi Drug, Throat Aid Root juice squeezed on maple sugar as throat lozenge for mild sore throat. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 68 |
| Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Russet Buffaloberry USDA SHCA |
Thompson Food, Bread & Cake Soapberries dried on mats and formed into cakes. The berries were gathered in the summer, but were not hand picked because they were too soft. A clean mat was placed underneath the bush, then a branch laden with fruit was held and hit with a stick until the fruit fell off. The ripe berries were then placed in a basket, heated with hot rocks and spread out on mats or on a layer of 'timbergrass' set on a scaffolding and allowed to dry. A small fire was lit beneath so that the smoke would drive away the flies. The dried soapberry cakes were then broken off, placed in a birch bark basket with water and 'swished' with a whisk of maple bark tied to a stick. The mixture was originally sweetened with the 'white' variety of saskatoon berries that were dried and soaked in water to reconstitute them. More recently, sugar was added to the whip to sweeten it. The sweetened froth was served in small containers, first to the men and then to the women, as a sort of dessert or confection. It was said that the soapberries must never come into contact with grease or oil or the berries would not whip. One informant said that special containers were used for the preparation of soapberries, not for cooking or any other purpose, so that the berries could be kept free of grease. It was said that pregnant women should never eat the soapberry whip. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209 |
| Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Common Dandelion USDA TAOFO |
Menominee Food, Vegetable Leaves cooked with maple sap vinegar for a dish of greens. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65 |
| Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Common Dandelion USDA TAOFO |
Ojibwa Food, Vegetable Young leaves gathered in spring and cooked as greens with pork or venison and maple sap vinegar. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399 |
| Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Common Dandelion USDA TAOFO |
Potawatomi Food, Unspecified Leaves cooked with maple sap vinegar and often combined with pork or deer meat. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 98 |
| Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada Yew USDA TACA7 |
Iroquois Food, Beverage Fruits, leaves, cold water and maple water fermented into a 'little beer.' Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 34 |
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western Redcedar USDA THPL |
Quinault Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Limbs used for weaving with vine maple sticks to make fish weirs. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western Redcedar USDA THPL |
Squaxin Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Limbs used for weaving with vine maple sticks to make fish weirs. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western Redcedar USDA THPL |
Thompson Fiber, Scouring Material Inner bark, maple or cottonwood inner bark used to make scouring pads. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94 |
| Tilia americana L. American Basswood USDA TIAMA |
Chippewa Other, Tools Wood used to make spiles for drawing out maple sap from trees into buckets during sugar making time. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Iroquois Food, Beverage Branches and maple water used to make tea. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 36 |
| Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Lowbush Blueberry USDA VAAN |
Menominee Food, Winter Use Food Sun dried berries and dried sweet corn sweetened with maple sugar and stored for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66 |
| Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry USDA VAOX |
Menominee Food, Fruit Berries sweetened with maple sugar and eaten. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65 |
| Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry USDA VAOX |
Potawatomi Food, Fruit Berries sweetened with maple sugar and always used as an article of food. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Anticonvulsive Infusion taken to prevent recurrent spasms. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Diaphoretic Root bark taken as a diaphoretic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Febrifuge Compound infusion taken for fever. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Compound infusion taken for smallpox and ague. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of bark used as a wash for sore tongue. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Tonic Root bark taken as a tonic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Decoction of inner bark taken for cramps. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Emetic Compound decoction of scraped inner bark taken as an emetic. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Emetic Cool infusion of bark taken as an emetic. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for stomach cramps. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Iroquois Drug, Analgesic Infusion of bark taken and applied as poultice for pain caused by witchcraft. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 447 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of plants taken to suppress excessive menses. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 447 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Iroquois Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of plants taken by men for stricture and painful urination. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 447 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Infusion of bark taken and applied as poultice for pain caused by witchcraft. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 447 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Menominee Drug, Analgesic Infusion of inner bark taken for cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 29 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Menominee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for colic. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 28 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Iroquois Food, Pie & Pudding Seeds, pumpkin mush and maple sugar used to make pudding. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Menominee Food, Staple Roasted popcorn pounded into a meal added to dried venison, maple sugar or wild rice or all three. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66 |
| Zizania aquatica L. Annual Wildrice USDA ZIAQA2 |
Menominee Food, Staple Rice cooked with deer broth, pork or butter and seasoned with maple sugar. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 67 |
| Zizania palustris L. Northern Wildrice USDA ZIPAP |
Ojibwa Food, Staple Formed an important staple in the diet, cooked with deer broth and maple sugar and eaten. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 403 |
| Zizania palustris L. Northern Wildrice USDA ZIPAP |
Potawatomi Food, Pie & Pudding Wild rice sweetened with maple sugar and used to make pudding. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101 |
| Zizania palustris L. Northern Wildrice USDA ZIPAP |
Potawatomi Food, Staple Rice valuable for cooking with wild fowl or game and maple sugar used to season the mixture. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101 |