| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Malecite Food, Sweetener Used to make maple syrup and sugar. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Malecite Other, Lighting Wood used to make torch handles. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Menominee Food, Sweetener Boiled sap made into maple sugar and used in almost every combination of cookery. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 61 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Meskwaki Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used instead of salt as seasoning in cooking. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 255 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Meskwaki Other, Designs Leaf used in beadwork designs. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 266 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Micmac Food, Beverage Bark used to make a beverage. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Micmac Food, Sauce & Relish Sap used to make maple syrup and maple sugar. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Micmac Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make bows and arrows. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Mohegan Drug, Cough Medicine Inner bark used as a cough remedy. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69, 128 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Mohegan Food, Sweetener Sap used as a sweetening agent and to make maple syrup. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Food, Beverage Sap saved to drink as it comes from the tree, alone or mixed with box elder or birch sap. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Food, Sour Sap allowed to sour to make vinegar and mixed with maple sugar to cook sweet and sour meat. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used to season all kinds of meats, replaced now with salt. Smith describes in detail the process by which the Ojibwe make maple syrup. Although now (1932) they use iron kettles, originally the sap and storage vessels were 'made of birch bark, sewed with boiled basswood fiber or the core of the jack pine root.' The vessels are rendered waterproof by the application of pitch secured by boiling jack pine cones. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls and many other objects of utility. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make paddles for stirring maple sugar or wild rice while scorching or parching it. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Drug, Expectorant Inner bark used as an expectorant. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 37 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Beverage Maple sap, as it came from the tree, drunk by children. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Candy Children made taffy by cooling the maple sap in the snow. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Sour Maple sap not only furnished the sugar for seasoning material but also furnished the vinegar. Sap that was allowed to become sour made a vinegar to be used in cooking venison which was afterwards sweetened with maple sugar. This corresponds somewhat to the German 'sweet and sour' style of cooking. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used, instead of salt, to season all cooking. The sugar maple and the black sugar maple are found all over Wisconsin and were considered to be the most valuable trees in the forest because they furnished them their seasoning material. While they do use salt today, it is an acquired ingredient and most of the old people would prefer to have sugar for their seasoning. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Acer sp. Maple |
Paiute Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 88 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled root chips applied to wounds and abscesses. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Iroquois Drug, Antihemorrhagic Compound decoction of roots and bark taken for internal hemorrhage. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 377 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used for intestinal diseases. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 94 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Malecite Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of outside bark used for sore eyes. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Malecite Drug, Eye Medicine Poultice of outside bark used for sore eyes. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Menominee Other, Designs Leaves used as design for bead work and applique work. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Micmac Drug, Eye Medicine Bark used for sore eyes. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of pith used as a wash for sore eyes and pith used to remove foreign matter. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 353 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Other, Designs Three-lobed leaf was a great favorite with Ojibwe women for design work for beading. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make arrows. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Other, Toys & Games Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Potawatomi Drug, Cough Medicine Compound containing inner bark used as cough syrup. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 37 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Potawatomi Other, Designs Leaves used as a pattern for bead and applique work. In making up a design for art work or bead work, a woman would burn deer antlers until they turned to charcoal and use this to rub on the backs of leaves. This surface was placed down upon a piece of white birchbark and rubbed until the shape and venation of the leaves were transferred to the birchbark. Then arranging with other leaves, a design would be formed which would be the pattern for the bead work. Oftentimes, this would be placed directly under the loom so that the form and outline of the finished bead work would be a true representation of the natural object. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 110 |
| Apios americana Medik. Groundnut USDA APAM |
Menominee Food, Vegetable Roots cooked with maple sugar and superior to candied yams. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 68 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Karok Other, Containers Leaves placed over maple leaves in earth oven, forming last layer before oven covered with earth. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Substitution Food Sap mixed with maple sap if the latter is not available in sufficient quantities. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 80 |
| Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Ojibwa Food, Beverage Sap and maple sap used for a pleasant beverage drink. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Root bark cooked with maple sugar as syrup for stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Basketry Baskets made for gathering and storing berries, maple sugar, dried fish, meat or any food. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
| Cucumis sativus L. Garden Cucumber USDA CUSA4 |
Ojibwa Food, Vegetable Cucumbers eaten raw and sometimes flavored with maple sap vinegar and powdered maple sugar. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399 |
| Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Shawnee Salad USDA HYVI |
Menominee Food, Vegetable Leaves wilted in maple sap vinegar, simmered and boiled in fresh water with pork and fine meal. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 68 |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl Western Swordfern USDA POMU |
Cowlitz Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves tied with maple bark and used for mattresses. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13 |
| Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak USDA QUBI |
Chippewa Other, Cleaning Agent Bark boiled with hemlock and soft maple bark and the liquid used to clean the rust from traps. The solution was believed to prevent the trap from becoming rusty again. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Food, Beverage Fresh or dried berries sweetened with maple sugar & made into a hot or cool beverage like lemonade. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Food, Beverage Fresh or dried berries sweetened with maple sugar & made into a hot or cool beverage like lemonade. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Rubus canadensis L. Smooth Blackberry USDA RUCA16 |
Iroquois Drug, Unspecified Berries, maple sap and water used to make a medicine. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142 |
| Rubus canadensis L. Smooth Blackberry USDA RUCA16 |
Iroquois Food, Beverage Berries, water & maple sugar used to make a drink for home consumption and longhouse ceremonies. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127 |
| Rumex sp. Dock |
Chehalis Food, Unspecified Green stalks of large plants cooked over maple and cedar limbs on hot rocks and used for food. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29 |
| Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon Arumleaf Arrowhead USDA SACU |
Ojibwa Food, Staple Corms, a most valued food, boiled fresh, dried or candied with maple sugar. Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which the Indians have learned to recognize and appropriate. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 396 |