| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Inner bark formerly used for food. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Montana Indian Other, Tools Twigs used for twirling sticks in fire production. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Pollen used in the 'Night Chant' medicine. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Cones with seeds removed used as a ceremonial medicine. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13, 14 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Needles used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13, 14 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cough Medicine Compound decoction of needles taken for bad coughs and fever. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13, 14 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Emetic Needles used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13, 14 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Febrifuge Compound decoction of needles taken for fever and bad cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13, 14 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Branches often used to cover a sweathouse. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Building Material Wood used for hogans, fence posts and corral construction. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make boards and cradle bow of the two board type of baby cradle. A young tree, in an area where few people go and therefore not likely to be cut down, is selected, corn pollen is sprinkled on it from the bottom upward, and a solid piece is taken from the east side. As the cradle is made, prayers are said but no songs sung. If the first baby is a boy, the top tips of the boards are truncated, if it is a girl, they are pointed; thereafter either kind can be used for either sex and the cradle is saved for later children unless the baby dies. The cradle is rubbed with red ochre and tallow to protect if from evil spirits who never use red paint. Formerly, a buckskin covering was used over the top but now a blanket is considered better. The footboard is moved down as the baby grows and the cradle is discarded when the baby begins to walk. Small branches of a tree from which squirrels have gnawed the bark are tied together in a row about five inches long and tied to the cradle to keep the baby from hurting himself (until he is three years old). Dirt from a spot where a squirrel has landed on the ground is placed in a buckskin bag and attached to the sticks as an additional precaution (effective even when the baby is grown). Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Snow Gear Wood slabs tied together with yucca fiber used as snowshoes. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Unspecified Bark eaten raw. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Containers Bark used to make containers for sand painting pigments. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Stable Gear Wood used to make saddle horns, pommel and back. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Nez Perce Other, Fasteners Pitch used as glue. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Nez Perce Other, Lighting Pitch used to make torches. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Abortifacient Green buds never chewed by pregnant women because it would cause a miscarriage. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Antihemorrhagic Decoction of plant tops taken for internal hemorrhaging. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pitch applied to boils. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of dried buds used as an eyewash. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of plant tops taken for high fevers. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Good medicine for the stomach. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Needles spread on the floor of the sweathouse to fight off 'plhax,' witchcraft. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Building Material Needles used as insulation for underground storage pits. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make dugout canoes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Candy Green buds chewed and the juice sucked by children. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Candy Pitch used as chewing gum. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Frozen Food Cambium frozen for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Cambium used for food. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Seeds eaten like nuts. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Winter Use Food Seeds stored for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Ceremonial Items Smoldering cones thrown into the air in the direction of rain clouds to make the rain stop. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Fasteners Pitch used to cement feathers onto arrow shafts. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Hide Preparation Rotten wood used for smoking deer hides. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagon Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of gum used as an ointment for sore eyes. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagon Food, Staple Cambium layer used as a principle food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagon Food, Staple Nutlets or seeds used as a principle food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of dry, chewed pitch used on boils. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Fiber, Building Material Bark used to make houses. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Food, Candy Dried pitch used as chewing gum. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Food, Dried Food Inner bark sun dried and stored. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Food, Unspecified Inner bark eaten fresh and raw. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Other, Fasteners Pitch used as glue in arrow making and other manufactures. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Other, Preservative Pitch used to protect pictures painted on rocks. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Paiute Other, Waterproofing Agent Melted pitch used to waterproof the outside of water jugs woven of willow. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Unspecified Cambium layer eaten raw. This was an important food. The bark was removed in sections with the aid of wooden wedges. Sap scrapers were made from the rib of the deer by cutting it to an appropriate length, sharpening the edges and rounding the working end. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |