| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Pawnee Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Ponca Food, Sweetener Hickory chips boiled to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Ponca Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Hickory chips boiled to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Castilleja foliolosa Hook. & Arn. Texas Indian Paintbrush USDA CAFO2 |
Cahuilla Food, Sweetener Flowers picked by children to suck the nectar. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Paiute Food, Sweetener Plant bases sucked for the sweetness. Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246 |
| Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thymeleaf Sandmat USDA CHSES |
Zuni Food, Sweetener Root pieces used to sweeten corn meal. After the mouth had been thoroughly cleansed, the women who sweetened the corn placed a piece of it in their mouths. The root remained in the mouth for two days, except to take refreshment and to sleep. Each time the root was removed from the mouth, the mouth was cleansed with cold water before returning the root to it. Finally, when they began sweetening the corn, either yellow or black corn was used. The women, with their fingers, placed as much corn meal as possible into their mouths and held it there, without chewing, until the accumulation of saliva forced ejection of the mass. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Sweetener Pith used as a berry sweetener and eaten by children. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 23 |
| Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toadflax USDA COUMU |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Sweetener Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 138 |
| Coreopsis bigelovii (Gray) Hall Bigelow's Tickseed USDA COBI |
Kawaiisu Food, Sweetener Stems chewed for the sweet juice. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 21 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Keres, Western Food, Sweetener Roots eaten for the sweetness. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
| Dalea lanata Spreng. Woolly Prairieclover USDA DALAL |
Hopi Food, Sweetener Root eaten and regarded as sugar. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 163 |
| Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) F. Seitz Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus USDA ECFEF2 |
Hopi Food, Sweetener Fruits dried and used as a source of sweetening. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 85 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Arapaho Food, Sweetener Nectar used for honey. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 17 |
| Justicia californica (Benth.) D. Gibson Beloperone USDA JUCA8 |
Diegueno Food, Sweetener Flower sucked for the nectar. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 47 |
| Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. Breadroot Scurfpea USDA PEES |
Cheyenne Food, Pie & Pudding Dried plant slices boiled, a sweetener added and eaten as a sweet pudding. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 29 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Kawaiisu Food, Sweetener Stems dried and beaten with sticks to remove the sugar crystals. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Paiute Food, Sweetener Dried sap made into balls, softened by fire and eaten like sugar. Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245 |
| Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine USDA PILA |
Kawaiisu Food, Sweetener Sap, drained through a hole cut into the tree, dried into a 'powdered sugar' and eaten. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50 |
| Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine USDA PILA |
Miwok Food, Sweetener Sugar pine sugar eaten as a delicacy. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 151 |
| Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine USDA PILA |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Sweetener Pitch tasted sweet like candy. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 93 |
| Populus sp. Poplar |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Inner bark eaten in the spring and winter for the sweet taste and agreeable flavor. In the winter, the inner bark was chewed to extract the sweetness, but the fiber was rejected. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360 |
| Prosopis velutina Woot. Velvet Mesquite USDA PRVE |
Pima Food, Sweetener Seeds ground into flour and used to sweeten pinole. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 44 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Shuswap Food, Sweetener Sap used as a sugar like food. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 52 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Thompson Food, Sweetener Wild sugar gathered and eaten whenever possible. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107 |
| Rhus ovata S. Wats. Sugar Sumac USDA RHOV |
Cahuilla Food, Sweetener Fruit sap used as a sweetener. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131 |
| Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimbleberry USDA RUPAP2 |
Thompson Food, Sweetener Roots used for sugar. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 270 |
| Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville Feltleaf Willow USDA SAALA |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Sweetener Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 7 |
| Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner Silky Sophora USDA SONU |
Keres, Western Food, Sweetener Roots chewed for the sweet taste. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Wet'suwet'en Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Yucca baccata Torr. Banana Yucca USDA YUBAB |
Southwest Indians Food, Sweetener Fruit pared, pulp chewed, cooked, dried and conserve dissolved in water to sweeten beverages. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 12 |
| Yucca baccata Torr. Banana Yucca USDA YUBAB |
Zuni Food, Sweetener Fruit made into conserves and used as a sweetener before the introduction of coffee and sugar. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Hopi Food, Sweetener Ears pit-baked, husked, strung, sun dried and used as a sweetener in the winter. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Isleta Food, Sweetener Evaporated liquid from crushed, soaked stalks used to make sugar. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pawnee Food, Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Ponca Food, Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |