| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Basketry Used for wefts and binding tule items. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Building Material Used to build houses. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Clothing Used as the warps and the twining wefts for clothing. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Clothing Used as the warps for sandals. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Clothing Used to secure the edges of skirts. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used in a simple pile for seating. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to make twined mats for the insides of houses. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to secure the edges of mats. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Basal lengths of stalks eaten fresh. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 72 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Rhizomes peeled and chewed to extract the juices. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 72 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Roots peeled and eaten raw, boiled or roasted. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Food, Unspecified Shoots eaten raw. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 72 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Other, Containers Used to make egg bags for transporting gathered eggs. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 78 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Other, Fasteners Used as ties for sandals. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Paiute, Northern Other, Fasteners Used for wefts and binding tule items. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Pomo Fiber, Basketry Stems used to make plain-twined baskets. Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Pomo Fiber, Canoe Material Stems used to make boats. Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Pomo Fiber, Clothing Skins used as swaddling clothes or soft padding. Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Pomo Food, Unspecified New sprouts eaten in the spring. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 284 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Pomo Food, Vegetable Roots eaten as greens. Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Pomo Food, Vegetable Young shoots eaten as greens. Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Basketry Root used to form the black part of the basket design. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Shuswap Fiber, Building Material Used for weaving entrance covers, curtains, windbreaks and for drying salmon. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Sioux Food, Unspecified Young, spring shoots used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Snohomish Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Used to make mats. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Thompson Drug, Hemostat Burned stalk ashes used on baby's bleeding navel. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Thompson Drug, Pediatric Aid Burned stalk ashes used on baby's bleeding navel. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Thompson Fiber, Building Material Stems laid in an overlapping fashion and used for roofing. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Thompson Fiber, Clothing Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make capes, bags and Indian doctor headdresses. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Thompson Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make mats. Food was placed on tule mats in order to dry it. The mats were also used as place mats for eating, as floor covering in lodges, as room partitions in pit houses, as walls for summer lodges and as mattresses and pillows. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Thompson Other, Containers Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make bags. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Thompson Other, Decorations Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make Indian doctor headdresses. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115 |
| Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Hardstem Bulrush USDA SCACA |
Tubatulabal Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used by children to make tiny snares to catch small fish. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 192 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Hesquiat Fiber, Basketry Rushes used in weaving handles for baskets and shopping bags. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Hesquiat Fiber, Clothing Rushes used in weaving hats. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Keres, Western Food, Unspecified Roots and tender shoots used for food. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 68 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Grass and oil used on child's head to make the hair grow long and thick. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Pediatric Aid Grass and oil used on child's head to make the hair grow long and thick. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Basketry Leaves used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Basketry Leaves used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Clothing Leaves used to make hats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Makah Fiber, Basketry Shoots used to make baskets. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 332 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Nitinaht Fiber, Basketry Leaves used for the bottoms and ribs of 'grass' baskets. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Basketry Root used to form the black part of the basket design. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Basketry Root used to form the black part of the basket design. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Salish, Coast Fiber, Basketry Flat, fibrous leaves sun dried and used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73 |
| Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller American Bulrush USDA SCAM6 |
Salish, Coast Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Flat, fibrous leaves dried and used to make mats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73 |
| Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (Torr.) M.T. Strong River Bulrush USDA SCFL11 |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Basketry Root used to form the black part of the basket design. Roots were stained by burying them in the mud with ashes until a black color was obtained. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28 |
| Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye Saltmarsh Bulrush USDA SCMA8 |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Basketry Used for wefts and binding tule items. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81 |